Table 1.
Binary logistic regression of the association between risk indicators and oral lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic among 11–23-year-olds living in Nigeria (N = 2870), * statistically significant.
| Variables | Total n (%) |
Yes n (%) |
No n (%) |
AOR (95% C.I.), p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gingival inflammation | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–23 | 2206 (76.9) | 538 (24.4) | 1668 (75.6) | 1.215 (0.860–1.718), 0.270 |
| 15–17 | 327 (11.4) | 44 (13.5) | 283 (86.5) | 0.727 (0.459–1.152), 0.174 |
| 11–14 | 337 (11.7) | 45 (13.4) | 292 (86.6) | 1.000 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1449 (50.5) | 304 (21.0) | 1145 (79.0) | 0.850 (0.704–1.025), 0.089 |
| Female | 1421 (49.5) | 323 (22.7) | 1098 (77.3) | 1.000 |
| Medical condition | ||||
| Yes | 641 (22.3) | 215 (33.5) | 426 (66.5) | 1.394 (1.108–1.754), 0.005 * |
| No | 2229 (77.7) | 412 (18.5) | 1817 (81.5) | 1.000 |
| COVID-19 infection | ||||
| Yes | 344 (12.0) | 138 (40.1) | 206 (59.9) | 1.617 (1.216–2.152), 0.001 * |
| No | 2526 (88.0) | 489 (19.4) | 2037 (80.6) | 1.000 |
| Cigarette use | ||||
| Dual use | 401 (14.0) | 148 (36.9) | 253 (63.1) | 2.620 (1.968–3.489), <0.001 * |
| Tobacco smoking | 386 (13.4) | 170 (44.0) | 216 (56.0) | 4.044 (3.142–5.203), <0.001 * |
| E-cigarette use | 167 (5.8) | 43 (25.7) | 124 (74.3) | 1.507 (1.003–2.263), 0.048 * |
| None | 1916 (66.8) | 266 (13.9) | 1650 (86.1) | 1.000 |
| Changes in taste | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–23 | 2206 (76.9) | 272 (12.3) | 1934 (87.7) | 0.966 (0.640–1.457), 0.867 |
| 15–17 | 327 (11.4) | 24 (7.3) | 303 (92.7) | 0.661 (0.376–1.162), 0.151 |
| 11–14 | 337 (11.7) | 30 (8.9) | 307 (91.1) | 1.000 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1449 (50.5) | 166 (11.5) | 1283 (88.5) | 0.983 (0.777–1.243), 0.884 |
| Female | 1421 (49.5) | 160 (11.3) | 1261 (88.7) | 1.000 |
| Medical condition | ||||
| Yes | 641 (22.3) | 103(16.1) | 538 (83.9) | 1.281 (0.966–1.700), 0.086 |
| No | 2229 (77.7) | 223 (10.0) | 2006 (90.0) | 1.000 |
| COVID-19 infection | ||||
| Yes | 344 (12.0) | 50 (14.5) | 294 (85.5) | 0.764 (0.520–1.122), 0.170 |
| No | 2526 (88.0) | 276 (10.9) | 2250 (89.1) | 1.000 |
| Cigarette use | ||||
| Dual use | 401 (14.0) | 89(22.2) | 312 (77.8) | 3.272 (2.323–4.609), <0.001 * |
| Tobacco smoking | 386 (13.4) | 64(16.6) | 322 (83.4) | 2.203 (1.568–3.095), <0.001 * |
| E-cigarettes use | 167 (5.8) | 21 (12.6) | 146 (87.4) | 1.618 (0.964–2.176), 0.068 |
| None | 1916 (66.8) | 152 (7.9) | 1764 (92.1) | 1.000 |
| Oral ulcers | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–23 | 2206 (76.9) | 138 (6.3) | 2068 (93.7) | 0.701 (0.422–1.164), 0.170 |
| 15–17 | 327 (11.4) | 12 (3.7) | 315 (96.3) | 0.487 (0.230–1.032), 0.060 |
| 11–14 | 337 (11.7) | 20 (5.9) | 317 (94.1) | 1.000 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1449 (50.5) | 66 (4.6) | 1383 (95.4) | 0.589 (0.427–0.812), 0.001 * |
| Female | 1421 (49.5) | 104 (7.3) | 1317 (92.7) | 1.000 |
| Medical condition | ||||
| Yes | 641 (22.3) | 66 (10.3) | 575 (89.7) | 1.799 (1.238–2.615), 0.002 * |
| No | 2229 (77.7) | 104 (4.7) | 2125 (95.3) | 1.000 |
| COVID-19 infection | ||||
| Yes | 344 (12.0) | 29 (8.4) | 315 (91.6) | 0.823 (0.513–1.321), 0.420 |
| No | 2526 (88.0) | 141 (5.6) | 2385 (94.4) | 1.000 |
| Cigarette use | ||||
| Dual use | 401 (14.0) | 38 (9.5) | 363 (90.5) | 2.242 (1.390–3.616), 0.001 * |
| Tobacco smoking | 386 (13.4) | 40 (10.4) | 346 (89.6) | 2.568 (1.666–3.958), <0.001 * |
| E-cigarette use | 167 (5.8) | 14 (8.4) | 153 (91.6) | 1.885 (1.018–3.492), 0.044 * |
| None | 1916 (66.8) | 78 (4.1) | 1838 (95.9) | 1.000 |
| Dry mouth | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–23 | 2206 (76.9) | 308 (14.0) | 1898 (86.0) | 0.618 (0.434–0.881), 0.008 * |
| 15–17 | 327 (11.4) | 20 (6.1) | 307 (93.9) | 0.321 (0.184–0.561), <0.001 * |
| 11–14 | 337 (11.7) | 48 (14.2) | 289 (85.8) | 1.000 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1449 (50.5) | 194 (13.4) | 1255 (86.6) | 0.999 (0.799–1.248), 0.993 |
| Female | 1421 (49.5) | 182 (12.8) | 1239 (87.2) | 1.000 |
| Medical condition | ||||
| Yes | 641 (22.3) | 103 (16.1) | 538 (83.9) | 1.039 (0.788–1.370), 0.787 |
| No | 2229 (77.7) | 273 (12.2) | 1956 (87.8) | 1.000 |
| COVID-19 infection | ||||
| Yes | 344 (12.0) | 46 (13.4) | 298 (86.6) | 0.648 (0.445–0.945), 0.024 * |
| No | 2526 (88.0) | 330 (12.1) | 2196 (86.9) | 1.000 |
| Cigarette use | ||||
| Dual use | 401 (14.0) | 77 (19.2) | 324 (80.8) | 2.881 (2.048–4.053), <0.001 * |
| Tobacco smoking | 386 (13.4) | 102 (26.4) | 284 (73.6) | 3.997 (2.960–5.396), <0.001 * |
| E-cigarette use | 167 (5.8) | 24 (14.4) | 143 (85.6) | 1.964 (1.197–3.223), 0.008 * |
| None | 1916 (66.8) | 173 (9.0) | 1743 (91.0) | 1.000 |