Table 2.
Effects of short-term (up to 12 weeks) training cessation and training (re)uptake on VO2max and related changes of physiological parameters (cardiorespiratory parameters are maximal values).
| Reference | N m (Males) f (Females) |
Duration (Days) of Training Cessation (ce) Training (Re)Uptake (re) |
Age (Years) | VO2max (mL/min/kg) Pre vs. Post (% Change) |
Changes in Related Physiological Parameters (% Change) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coyle et al., 1984 [22] |
6 m 1 f |
12 (ce) | 29.1 ± 3.2 | 62.1 ± 3.3 vs. 57.7 ± 2.6 (−7%) |
heart rate (+4%) stroke volume (−10%) cardiac output (−7%) arteriovenous O2diff (+0.4%) oxygen pulse (−11%) citrate synthase (−17.1%) succinate dehydrogenase (−18.5%) |
| Coyle et al., 1984 [22] |
6 m 1 f |
21 (ce) | 29.1 ± 3.2 | 62.1 ± 3.3 vs. 59.7 ± 3.1 (−7%) |
heart rate (+4%) stroke volume (−11%) cardiac output (−8%) arteriovenous O2diff (+2%) oxygen pulse (−11%) citrate synthase (−23.7%) succinate dehydrogenase (−23.9%) |
| Coyle et al., 1984 [22] |
6 m 1 f |
56 (ce) | 29.1 ± 3.2 | 62.1 ± 3.3 vs. 53.2 ± 2.1 (−14%) |
heart rate (+6%) stroke volume (−14%) cardiac output (−9%) arteriovenous O2diff (−4%) oxygen pulse (−19%) citrate synthase (−40.6%) succinate dehydrogenase (−38.4%) |
| Coyle et al., 1984 [22] |
6 m 1 f |
84 (ce) | 29.1 ± 3.2 | 62.1 ± 3.3 vs. 50.8 ± 1.9 (−18%) |
heart rate (+5%) stroke volume (−13%) cardiac output (−10%) arteriovenous O2diff (−7%) oxygen pulse (−20%) citrate synthase (−39.6%) succinate dehydrogenase (−32.5%) |
| Cullinane et al., 1986 [23] | 15 m | 10 (ce) | 28.2 ± 5.6 | 61.3 ± 6.2 vs. 61.2 ± 5.6 (−1.6%) | heart rate (+5%) ventilation (+1.5%) stroke volume (−2.6%) |
| Doherty et al., 2003 [24] | 7 f | 10 (ce) | 21.0 ± 2.6 | 49.8 ± 1.3 vs. 46.0 ± 1.3 (−7.6%) |
heart rate (+1.5%) stroke volume (−1%) cardiac output (−0.5%) arteriovenous O2diff (−7%) |
| Drinkwater and Horwath, 1972 [25] | 7 f | 90 (ce) | 14-17 | 47.8 ± 1.8 vs. 40.4 ± 1.0 (−15.4%) |
heart rate (+1.5%) ventilation (−10.3%) |
| Giada et al., 1998 [26] | 12 m | 60 (ce) | 55 ± 5 | 43 ± 7 vs. 36 ± 7 (−16.3%) |
|
| Giada et al., 1998 | 12 m | 60 (ce) | 24 ± 6 | 59 ± 10 vs. 49 ± 9 (−16.9%) |
|
| Heath et al., 1983 [27] | 6 m 2 f |
10 (ce) | 28 ± 3 | 58.6 ± 2.2 vs. 57.6 ± 2.1 (−1.7%) | |
| Houmard et al., 1992 [28] | 9 m 3 f |
14 (ce) | 20.1 ± 1.4 | 61.6 ± 2.2 vs. 58.7 ± 1.8 (−4.6%) |
heart rate (+4.7%) plasma volume (−5.1%) citrate synthase (−25.3%) |
| Katzel et al., 1997 [29] | 10 m | 90 (ce) | 59 ± 8 | 50 ± 5 (−11 to −20%) | |
| Martin et al., 1986 [30] | 5 m 1 f | 42 (ce) | 26 ± 1 | 62.7 ± 4.0 (−6.5%), 21 days; (−20.3%), 56 days |
stroke volume 21 days (−10%) 56 days (−17%) |
| Murias et al., 2010 [31] | 8 m | 21 (re) | 68.0 ± 7.0 | 28.3 ± 7.1 vs. 30.7 ± 6.0 (+8.4%) |
heart rate (−3.5%) stroke volume (+6.8%) cardiac output (+7%) arteriovenous O2diff (+3.7%) |
| Murias et al., 2010 [31] | 8 m | 21 (re) | 23.0 ± 5.0 | 48.0 ± 6.1 vs. 53.8 ± 7.6 (+12%) |
heart rate (−2.1%) stroke volume (+5.5%) cardiac output (+3.1%) arteriovenous O2diff (+7.5%) |
| Murias et al., 2010 [31] | 8 m | 42 (re) | 68.0 ± 7.0 | 28.3 ± 7.1 vs. 32.8 ± 7.6 (+15.9%) |
heart rate (−2.1%) stroke volume (+9.1%) cardiac output (+11.3%) arteriovenous O2diff (+5.2%) |
| Murias et al., 2010 [31] | 8 m | 42 (re) | 23.0 ± 5.0 | 48.0 ± 6.1 vs. 52.5 ± 6.4% (+9.4%) |
heart rate (−2.1%) stroke volume (+7.9%) cardiac output (+5.4%) arteriovenous O2diff (+4.8%) |
| Murias et al., 2010 [31] | 8 m | 63 (re) | 68.0 ± 7.0 | 28.3 ± 7.1 vs. 34.0 ± 5.8 (+20.1%) |
heart rate (−1.4%) stroke volume (+15.2%) cardiac output (+17.9%) arteriovenous O2diff (+3.7%) |
| Murias et al., 2010 [31] | 8 m | 63 (re) | 23.0 ± 5.0 | 48.0 ± 6.1 vs. 53.1 ± 6.5% (+10.6%) |
heart rate (−2.1%) stroke volume (+12.6%) cardiac output (+10.4%) arteriovenous O2diff (+0.7%) |
| Murias et al., 2010 [31] | 8 m | 84 (re) | 68.0 ± 7.0 | 28.3 ± 7.1 vs. 36.6 ± 6.5 (+29.3%) |
heart rate (+0.7%) stroke volume (+14.8%) cardiac output (+20.8%) arteriovenous O2diff (+8.8%) |
| Murias et al., 2010 [31] | 8 m | 84 (re) | 23.0 ± 5.0 | 48.0 ± 6.1 vs. 55.4 ± 5.5% (+15.4%) |
heart rate (−1.1%) stroke volume (+10.9%) cardiac output (+9.7%) arteriovenous O2diff (+6.8%) |
| Nichols et al., 2000 [12] | 1 f | 14 (re) | 49.4 | 42.0 vs. 48.1 (+14.5%) |
heart rate (+1.6%) |
| Nichols et al., 2000 [12] | 1 f | 28 (re) | 49.4 | 42.0 vs. 55.1 (+31.2%) |
heart rate (−2.7%) |
| Pavlik et al., 1986 [32] | 42 m | 60 (ce) | 22.9 ± 0.7 | 72.2 vs. 67.0 (30 days) vs. 62.5 (45 days) (−7% and −13%); no further decrease after 45 days |
|
| Prior et al., 2015 [33] | 7 m 5 f |
14 (ce) | 65 ± 3 | 31.2 ± 2.3 vs. 29.3 ± 1.9 (−6%) |
citrate synthase (−28.6%) |
| Ready and Quinney, 1982 [34] | 12 m | 63 (ce) | 25.0 ± 3.6 | 64.2 ± 9.5 vs. 59.3 ± 6.4, (3 weeks) 57.5 ± 6.4 (6 weeks) 57.3 ± 8.8 (9 weeks) (−10.7%) |
|
| Schulman et al., 1996 [35] | 8 m | 84 (ce) | 59.6 ± 3 | 49.9 ± 1.9 vs. 42.0 ± 2.2 (−15.8%) |
heart rate (+4.1%) cardiac index (−10.5%) stroke volume index (−14.2%) |
| Sinacore et al., 1993 [36] | 5 m 1 f |
84 (ce) | 29 ± 10 | 61.3 ± 7 vs. 50.8 ± 7 (−17.1%) |
|
| Smorawinski et al., 2001 [37] | 10 m | 3 (ce, bedrest) | 20.3 ± 1.9 | 54.8 ± 2.1 (−16.5%) | blood lactate (−8% to −20%) |