Table 4.

Subgroup analysis according to disease severity and hospital outcomes between COVID-19 patients treated with and without inhaled ciclesonide

	Severe COVID-19 infection			Not severe COVID-19 infection
	Ciclesonide (n = 118)	No ciclesonide (n = 34)	p value	Ciclesonide (n = 66)	No ciclesonide (n = 51)	p value
Initiated supplemental oxygen after admission	Not applicable			38 (57.6%)	17 (33.3%)	0.0095
Mechanical ventilation	18 (15.3%)	11 (32.4%)	0.0259	5 (7.6%)	1 (2.0%)	0.2301
In-hospital mortality	8 (6.8%)	17 (50.0%)	< 0.0001	6 (9.1%)	3 (5.9%)	0.7296

	High Shang’s CSS risk			Low Shang’s CSS risk
	Ciclesonide (n = 61)	No ciclesonide (n = 37)	p value	Ciclesonide (n = 118)	No ciclesonide (n = 41)	p value
Initiated supplemental oxygen after admission	9 (14.8%)	8(21.6%)	0.3865	27 (22.9%)	9 (22.0%)	0.9027
Mechanical ventilation	9 (14.8%)	8 (21.6%)	0.3865	14 (11.9%)	4 (9.8%)	> 0.9999
In-hospital mortality	10 (16.4%)	16 (43.2%)	0.0037	2 (1.7%)	2 (4.9%)	0.2738

COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019; Shang’s CSS Shang’s COVID-19 scoring system