Table 2.
Effect of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on mortality predictors.
| Based on the Training Group (PRED-G, n = 11; HRV-G, n = 10) | All Patients (n = 21) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Group | Pre | Post | p A | Change (95% CI) | p B | Pre | Post | p A | Change (95% CI) |
| Isolated RMSSD (ms) | PRED-G | 28.4 ± 11.8 | 29.4 ± 10.2 | 0.774 | 1.07 (−7.12–9.26) −2.79 (−9.90–4.32) |
0.431 | 35.1 ± 25.7 | 34.3 ± 21.8 | 0.721 | −0.86 (−5.83–4.11) |
| HRV-G | 41.9 ± 34.0 | 39.1 ± 29.1 | 0.398 | |||||||
| Isolated HF (ms2) | PRED-G | 272.0 (151.3, 663.0) |
480.5 (188.5, 670.3) |
0.846 | −27.0 # (−225.2–425.4) −111.5 # (−892.3–43.8) |
0.143 | 374.0 (175.3, 745.0) |
357.5 (207.5, 649.8) |
0.202 | −66.00 # (−236.59–53.53) |
| HRV-G | 649.5 (190.3, 1269.0) |
353.5 (197.5, 627.0) |
0.065 | |||||||
| Isolated SD1 (ms) | PRED-G | 20.1 ± 8.3 | 20.7 ± 7.1 | 0.824 | 0.61 (−5.42–6.64) −2.16 (−7.07–2.75) |
0.430 | 24.9 ± 18.2 | 24.1 ± 15.4 | 0.654 | −0.78 (−4.34–2.79) |
| HRV-G | 29.7 ± 24.1 | 27.5 ± 20.7 | 0.346 | |||||||
| Weekly averaged RMSSD (ms) | PRED-G | 57.6 ± 20.0 | 54.8 ± 19.8 | 0.416 | −2.79 (−10.13–4.55) |
0.034 * | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| HRV-G | 49.7 ± 16.0 | 57.3 ± 18.3 | 0.039 * | 7.57 (0.48–14.64) |
||||||
| Resting HR (bpm) |
PRED-G | 64.7 ± 5.0 | 62.2 ± 7.3 | 0.068 | −2.55 (−5.32–0.23) −5.80 (−9.74–−1.86) |
0.140 | 63.9 ± 7.1 | 59.8 ± 9.1 | 0.001 * | −4.10 (−6.37–−1.82) |
| HRV-G | 63.0 ± 9.1 | 57.2 ± 10.6 | 0.009 * | |||||||
| HRR 1 min (bpm) | PRED-G | 17.6 ± 6.8 | 19.1 ± 5.7 | 0.108 | 1.45 (−0.38–3.29) 0.10 (−1.53–1.73) |
0.235 | 20.0 ± 9.9 | 20.9 ± 9.1 | 0.163 | 0.81 (−0.36–1.98) |
| HRV-G | 22.7 ± 12.3 | 22.8 ± 11.8 | 0.893 | |||||||
| HRR 2 min (bpm) | PRED-G | 28.4 ± 9.2 | 34.4 ± 7.3 | 0.014 * | 6.00 (1.19–10.51) 1.00 (−2.35–7.38) |
0.263 | 32.0 ± 12.6 | 36.3 ± 10.9 | 0.010 * | 4.33 (1.15–7.52) |
| HRV-G | 36.0 ± 15.0 | 38.5 ± 14.0 | 0.300 | |||||||
| VO2 max (mL·kg−1·min−1) |
PRED-G | 25.0 ± 5.7 | 28.1 ± 6.0 | 0.005 * | 3.16 (1.21–5.11) |
0.851 | 24.9 ± 5.4 | 28.0 ± 6.0 | <0.001 * | 3.04 (1.70–4.37) |
| HRV-G | 24.9 ± 5.3 | 28.0 ± 6.4 | 0.017 * | 2.91 (0.67–5.15) |
||||||
CI, confidence interval; HF, high frequency; HR, heart rate; HRR 1 min; heart rate recovery 1 min; HRR 2 min; heart rate recovery 2 min; HRV-G, heart rate variability-guided training group; NA, non-applicable; PRED-G, predefined training group; RMSSD, the root mean square of the differences between successive R-R intervals; SD1, the standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat R-R interval variability; VO2 max, maximum oxygen uptake. Data at pre- and post-intervention are delivered as mean ± SD or median (25th and 75th percentiles); p A and p B values refer to within-group and between-group differences, respectively; * denotes p ≤ 0.050; # denotes median change instead of mean change.