Table 3.
Details of health behavior interventions to manage T2DM and comparisons.
| Study and Year | Health Behavior Interventions to Manage T2DM | Comparisons |
|---|---|---|
| Hu et al. (2020) [47] | Six years of therapeutic lifestyle, regular health screening services by health worker in a health center; lifestyle counseling at 3-month follow-up with physical examination up to one year later. | Pre-diabetes management without intervention |
| Islam et al. (2020) [48] | Text messages were sent on the principals of behaviour learn theory; participants received 90 text messages randomly once a day for 6 months. | Standard care for glycemic control for T2DM patients |
| Islek et al. (2020) [43] | Provided 4 months (16 sessions) of behavioral counseling; 2 months (8 sessions) of maintenance class with 3 years follow-up. | Standard care-single day 1-on-1 visit with health care professionals; 1 group class on diabetes preventions |
| Li et al. (2021) [52] | Provided suggestions, telephone follow-up, health education, diet, exercise, monitoring, and peer support using mobile phone for one year. | Standard medical care |
| Png et al. (2014) [42] | Weight loss through increase in physical activity and dietary modification for 3 years. | Metformin treatment; placebo |
| Ramachandran et al. (2007) [49] | Participants were asked to walk briskly at least 30 min a day; reduction in total calories, and refined carbohydrates and fats, avoidance of sugar, and inclusion of fiber-rich foods for 3 years. | 250 mg metformin a day; usual clinical diabetes care |
| Rosli et al. (2021) [54] | Provided tailored counseling on medication adherence, lifestyle modification and self-glucose monitoring by community pharmacist and family medicine physician every 3 months (i.e., baseline, 3 months, and 6 months), which lasted 20–45 min. | Routine diabetes care and treatment |
| Sathish et al. (2020) [41] | Total of 15 group sessions delivered in 12 weeks conducted in the community on Saturday and Sunday; experts in nutrition, diabetes, and physical activities provided 2 half-day session on diabetes management; trained peer leader provided 12 sessions; objective was increase physical activities, promote healthy eating habits and tobacco cessation, reduce alcohol consumption, reduce body weight, and ensure adequate sleep. Intervention was conducted for 1 year. | Provided usual diabetes care with health education booklet |
| Shearer et al. (2021) [53] | Provided four one-on-one sessions annually with trained peer educators who provided individualized lifestyle modification advice. | Provided one annual one-on-one session with trained peer educators |
| Siaw et al. (2018) [50] | Physician referred to diabetes nurse educators or dieticians; clinical pharmacist follow-up every 4–6 weeks, via face-to-face meetings or phone calls of at least 20–30 min. The intervention duration was 6 months. | Usual care with referral to diabetes nurse educators or dieticians |
| Wong et al. (2016) [51] | SMS to prevent onset of T2DM in addition to usual clinical practice for 2 years. | Usual clinical practice |
T2DM: T2DM mellitus; SMS: Short Message Service.