Table 4.
Economic evaluation details of the health behavior interventions.
| Study and Year | Study Perspective | Costs | Currency and Discount Rate (%) | Cost Reported Rate and Year | Unit of Cost-effectiveness Measure | Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) | Conclusion or Recommendation | Threshold |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hu et al. (2020) [47] | Health care system | * Intervention costs for 30 years- CNY 74,510 (USD 11,698.07); Lifetime intervention costs—CNY 86,294 (USD 13,548.16) | Chinese Yuan; 3% | USD 1 = CNY 6.37 in 2021 | QALYs | * 30 years- CNY −8211 (USD −1289.13) costs per QALY; Lifetime- CNY −1652 (USD−259.36) cost per QALY | Highly cost-effective | WTP (* USD 5787.64 (CNY 37,446) per QALY) |
| Islam et al. (2020) [48] | Health care system | Total cost-** Int. $2842; Cost per participants-** Int. $24 | Taka; Not applied | International dollar in 2013 | QALYs | ** Int. $2406 costs per QALY | Highly cost-effective | GDP and WTP (** Int. $7120 per QALY for 2015) |
| Islek et al. (2020) [43] | Multi payer and societal | Direct medical costs to intervention-*** Int. $959; Cost to health care utilization-*** Int. $125; Direct non-medical costs to intervention-*** Int. $1438; Direct cost to screening-*** Int. $681; Direct non-medical cost to screening-*** Int. $28 (Total-*** Int. $3231) | INR; 5% | Int. $1 = INR 18.4 in 2019 | QALYs | Multi payer-*** Int. $8107 cost per QALY gained; Societal-*** Int. $12,099 cost per QALY gained | Cost-effective | GDP and WTP (*** US$ 5748.37 (**** Int. $22,000) per QALY) |
| Li et al. (2021) [52] | Health care system | * Health costs—CNY 1169.76(USD 183.55) per year per patients; Usual care costs—CNY 1775.44 (USD 278.74) per patients per year | Chinese Yuan; Not mentioned | USD 1 = CNY 6.37 in 2021 | Control rate of AbA1c | * ICER- CNY −22.02 (USD −3.45) per patients per year | Cost-effective | Not provided |
| Png et al. (2014) [42] | Societal; Health care system | Total cost in health system perspective USD 8896Total societal cost for diabetes patients USD 28,447 | Singapore dollar; 3% | USD 1 = SGD 1.25 in 2012 | QALYs | ICER of lifestyle intervention compared to Placebo-USD 17,184 per QALY | Highly cost-effective | GDP (USD 53,000) |
| Ramachandran et al. (2007) [49] | Health care system | Direct medical costs—USD 117 per participants; Total lifestyle modification costs—USD 225 | INR; Not discounted | USD 1 = INR 45.11 in 2006 | NNT | Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio-USD 1052 | Cost-effective | Not provided |
| Rosli et al. (2021) [54] | Health care system | Mean intervention cost: USD 28.64 per participants | Ringgit Malaysia (RM); 0 for six months and 3% for lifetime | USD 1 = MYR 4.241 in 2019 | QALYs | ICER—USD 280.79 per QALY gained | Cost-effective | USD 4700.24–6714.62 |
| Sathish et al. (2020) [41] | Health care system; Societal | Total intervention cost—USD 12,096 (USD 24.2 per participant); Health system perspective average cost per participant—USD 306.6; Societal average cost per participant—USD 367.8 | INR; 3% | USD 1 = INR 68.4 in 2018 | NNT and QALYs | For health system perspective ICERs—Dominance to USD 276.1; Societal-ICERs—USD 114.2 to 476 | Cost-effective | GDP and WTP (USD 2036) |
| Shearer et al. (2021) [53] | Health care system | Intervention group costs—USD 69.95; Control group costs—USD 69.03 | Sri Lankan Rupee; 3% | USD 1 = LKR 148 in 2017 | DALYs | ICER-USD 2316.48 per DALY averted | Cost-effective | GDP (1- and 3-times Sri Lankan GDP per capita) (USD 9185.64) |
| Siaw et al. (2018) [50] | Health care system | Direct medical costs for interventions: USD 535.47 and for control: USD 601.50 | Singapore dollar; Not applied | USD 1 = SGD 1.25 in 2014 | Change is HbA1c level | Dominated | Cost-effective | WTP (USD 165.21-USD 5000 per improvement in glycemia) |
| Wong et al. (2016) [51] | Health care system | Average costs for 2 years for intervention—USD 342.94 per patient and for control—USD 461.33; For 50 years, average cost for intervention—USD 12,107.40 and for control USD 12,958.17 | Hong Kong dollar (HKD); 3% | USD 1 = HKD 7.8 in 2011 | QALYs | Incremental per QALY—0.071 | Cost-effective | 50 years cumulative cost of SMS group (USD 3093.78) |
INR: Indian Rupees; CI: confidence interval; CVD: cardiovascular disease; QALYs: quality-adjusted life years; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, RCT: randomized controlled trial; NTT: numbers needed to treat; LY: life year; * Average exchange rate for Chinese Yuan (CNY) to USD on 30 Dec 2021 was 6.373; ** International dollar adjusted estimated purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor for Bangladesh in 2013; *** Average exchange rate of Indian Rupees to USD in 2021 was 70.420; **** International dollar applying Indian price inflation and PPP conversion for 2019 (Int. $1 = INR 18.4); USD: United States Dollar; SGD: Singapore Dollar; HKD: Hong Kong Dollar; LKR: Sri Lankan Rupee.