Table 2.

Multi-regression analysis of leadership effectiveness in cross-sectional studies.

Variables	Correlation Coefficient	Beta Coefficient	95% CI
Studies conducted between 2012–2019 vs. 2005–2011 years	−0.31	−0.09	−0.27	0.10
South American continent vs. others	0.63	0.56 *	0.13	0.99
Private hospital vs. public hospital	0.17	0.60 *	0.14	1.06
Surgical specialty vs. non-surgical specialty	−0.22	−0.28 *	−0.54	−0.02
Leadership style transformational vs. other styles	0.41	0.16	−0.14	0.46
Leadership style charismatic vs. other styles	−0.14	−0.04	−0.26	0.18
Leadership style transactional vs. other styles	−0.11	0.01	−0.21	0.23
Multiprofessional team vs. single professional team	0.04

* 0.05 ≤ p < 0.01.