Table 1.

Operational definitions of cyberbullying.

Type	Operational Definition
Cyber verbal abuse	The act of swearing, using harsh language, and making aggressive personal remarks via the internet, mobile phone text messages, etc.
Cyber defamation	The act of posting articles that defame other individuals/institutions on the internet or social media, regardless of whether they are true, so that an unspecified number of people can see them.
Cyberstalking	The act of sending unwanted e-mails or text messages that cause fear or anxiety repeatedly, or leaving traces of comments by visiting blogs, social media, etc.
Cyber sexual violence	Communicating sexually unpleasant content such as sexual descriptions, sexually disparaging remarks, and sexist abusive language via the internet or mobile phone, or sending obscene videos and photos to specific people.
Cyberbullying	Leaking personal information or posting personal secrets on the internet or social media, or teasing others via chatrooms, smartphones, or instant messengers.
Cyber coercion	Cyber extortion refers to the act of stealing money and smartphone data from the internet and forcing others to say/do unwanted things via internet or mobile phone.