Table 5.

Factors affecting cyberbullying perpetration before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

	Model 1 (2019)				Model 2 (2020)
	B	S.E.	Wald	Odds Ratio	B	S.E.	Wald	Odds Ratio
Gender	−0.509 **	0.164	9.591	0.601	−0.791 ***	0.171	21.292	0.454
Friendship reliability	0.476 *	0.229	4.318	1.610	0.080	0.174	0.212	1.083
Number of friends perpetrating cyberbullying	0.881 ***	0.175	25.454	2.413	0.863 ***	0.234	13.605	2.370
Cyberbullying observation	−1.041 ***	0.184	32.036	0.353	−0.734 ***	0.203	13.068	0.480
Exposure to harmful content	−1.083 ***	0.158	46.702	0.339	−1.064 ***	0.115	84.975	0.345
Parent–child interaction	−0.159	0.260	0.373	0.853	0.924 ***	0.213	18.810	2.519
School involvement	−0.016	0.120	0.018	0.984	0.312 *	0.133	5.513	1.367
Awareness of cyberbullying issues	0.139	0.382	0.133	1.150	0.452 **	0.166	7.387	1.571
Constant	2.255 **	0.807	7.816	9.538	−0.648	0.736	0.776	0.523
2Log likelihood	1074.518				1059.380
Cox and Snell’s R2	0.098				0.132
Nagelkerke R2	0.181				0.249
χ2	162.979				245.400
Accuracy	86.7				87.6

* p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001.