Table 3.
Regression of COVID-19 vulnerability indices.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AVI (OLS) | AVI (Fractional Regression) | VI (OLS) | |
| Old (age > 60 years) | 0.07 *** | 0.25 *** | 0.66 *** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Female | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| (0.39) | (0.37) | (0.40) | |
| Reference = African/Black | |||
| Coloured | −0.03 *** | −0.11 *** | −0.26 *** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Indian/Asian | −0.04 *** | −0.21 *** | −0.39 *** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| White | −0.06 *** | −0.28 *** | −0.52 *** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Log pc income | −0.03 *** | −0.10 *** | −0.25 *** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Reference = No education | |||
| Primary | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| (0.42) | (0.31) | (0.41) | |
| Secondary | −0.02 *** | −0.05 *** | −0.14 *** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Tertiary | −0.04 *** | −0.16 *** | −0.34 *** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Urban | −0.05 *** | −0.18 *** | −0.48 *** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Constant | 0.46 *** | 0.08 * | 4.14 *** |
| (0.00) | (0.02) | (0.00) | |
| R-squared/Pseudo R2 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.17 |
| N | 67,733 | 67,733 | 67,733 |
Source: Author’s calculation using GHS 2019. Notes: Columns (1) and (3) show b-coefficient estimates of the AVI and IV dependent variables using the OLS regression approach, whereas column (2) shows the estimates of AVI using the fractional regression method; all models included province fixed effects; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.