Table 2.
History of hamstring muscle injuries (HMI) and hamstring specific training (HST) among the included athletes who participated at the 24th European Athletics Championships in Berlin in 2018 (n = 290) according to discipline and sex.
| Sprints | Hurdles | Jumps | Throws | Combined Events | Middle Distances | Long Distances | Marathon | Race Walking | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F (n = 47) |
M (n = 40) |
F (n = 13) |
M (n = 10) |
F (n = 22) |
M (n = 16) |
F (n = 16) |
M (n = 17) |
F (n = 6) |
M (n = 5) |
F (n = 10) |
M (n = 14) |
F (n = 9) |
M (n = 14) |
F (n = 12) |
M (n = 11) |
F (n = 12) |
M (n = 16) |
|
| History of HMI | ||||||||||||||||||
| HMI during the career (%) | 53.2 | 77.5 | 46.2 | 60.0 | 45.5 | 62.5 | 31.3 | 47.1 | 66.7 | 20.0 | 40.0 | 42.9 | 11.1 | 21.4 | 16.7 | 27.3 | 50.0 | 56.3 |
| HMI during the 2017–18 season (%) | 25.5 | 27.5 | 7.7 | 30.0 | 18.2 | 31.3 | 18.8 | 23.5 | 66.7 | 20.0 | 10.0 | 21.4 | 11.1 | 7.1 | 33.3 | 18.2 | 25.0 | 31.3 |
| Reduced or no participation in athletics due to hamstring pain (%) | 6.4 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 4.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 11.8 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 11.1 | 14.3 | 16.7 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 12.5 |
| Hamstring Specific Training | ||||||||||||||||||
| Strengthening (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 17.0 | 12.5 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 12.5 | 6.3 | 35.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 40.0 | 28.6 | 0.0 | 21.4 | 16.7 | 27.3 | 25.0 | 37.5 |
| <1/month | 8.5 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 11.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.3 |
| >1/month and <1/week | 14.9 | 10.0 | 38.5 | 40.0 | 31.8 | 12.5 | 25.0 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 14.3 | 11.1 | 7.1 | 16.7 | 36.4 | 8.3 | 12.5 |
| Between 1 and 3/week | 38.3 | 52.5 | 38.5 | 40.0 | 31.8 | 43.8 | 31.3 | 29.4 | 50.0 | 80.0 | 60.0 | 28.6 | 77.8 | 35.7 | 58.3 | 27.3 | 58.3 | 43.8 |
| >3/week | 21.3 | 22.5 | 15.4 | 20.0 | 22.7 | 18.8 | 37.5 | 17.6 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 21.4 | 11.1 | 21.4 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 0.0 |
| Stretching (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 6.4 | 12.5 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 29.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 40.0 | 35.7 | 0.0 | 21.4 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 18.8 |
| <1/month | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 17.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.5 |
| >1/month and <1/week | 6.4 | 2.5 | 15.4 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 25.0 | 18.2 | 8.3 | 6.3 |
| Between 1 and 3/week | 23.4 | 27.5 | 15.4 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 18.8 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 40.0 | 30.0 | 14.3 | 33.3 | 14.3 | 33.3 | 45.5 | 33.3 | 25.0 |
| >3/week | 61.7 | 57.5 | 61.5 | 80.0 | 77.3 | 68.8 | 62.5 | 47.1 | 83.3 | 40.0 | 30.0 | 50.0 | 66.7 | 50.0 | 16.7 | 36.4 | 41.7 | 37.5 |
| Core stability (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 6.4 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.6 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 23.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 21.4 | 0.0 | 14.3 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 18.8 |
| <1/month | 6.4 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.3 | 0.0 |
| >1/month and <1/week | 12.8 | 12.5 | 7.7 | 10.0 | 13.6 | 18.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 28.6 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 12.5 |
| Between 1 and 3/week | 38.3 | 22.5 | 46.2 | 50.0 | 31.8 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 23.5 | 50.0 | 60.0 | 50.0 | 35.7 | 66.7 | 35.7 | 50.0 | 81.8 | 66.7 | 56.3 |
| >3/week | 36.2 | 40.0 | 46.2 | 40.0 | 40.9 | 37.5 | 50.0 | 47.1 | 50.0 | 20.0 | 30.0 | 28.6 | 33.3 | 14.3 | 33.3 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 12.5 |
| Sprint running at maximal intensity/velocity (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 6.4 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 18.8 | 23.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 30.0 | 28.6 | 11.1 | 21.4 | 33.3 | 27.3 | 75.0 | 81.3 |
| <1/month | 2.1 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 22.2 | 21.4 | 16.7 | 18.2 | 8.3 | 6.3 |
| >1/month and <1/week | 10.6 | 5.0 | 15.4 | 10.0 | 13.6 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 23.5 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 14.3 | 11.1 | 21.4 | 33.3 | 27.3 | 16.7 | 12.5 |
| Between 1 and 3/week | 48.9 | 50.0 | 84.6 | 60.0 | 45.5 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 35.3 | 66.7 | 60.0 | 60.0 | 57.1 | 55.6 | 21.4 | 8.3 | 18.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| >3/week | 31.9 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 30.0 | 22.7 | 25.0 | 12.5 | 11.8 | 16.7 | 40.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.3 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| HST score (mean (SD)) | 11.6 (3.5) | 11.4 (4.2) | 12.0 (2.6) | 13.0 (1.3) | 11.4 (3.5) | 11.8 (3.5) | 11.8 (3.7) | 8.7 (5.2) | 13.8 (1.6) | 12.4 (1.3) | 8.6 (5.2) | 9.0 (5.6) | 12.1 (1.9) | 9.0 (4.6) | 9.0 (3.4) | 9.7 (3.0) | 7.9 (3.9) | 6.9 (3.0) |
F: female athletes; M: male athletes; HMI: hamstring muscle injury; HST: hamstring specific training.