Germination and outgrowth of α−β− spores overexpressing SspC, SspCΔ11, and SspCΔ11-D13K. Spores were heat shocked for 30 min at 70°C followed by resuspension at an OD600 of 0.75 to 0.9 in 2× YT medium supplemented with 8 mM l-alanine and cultured at 37°C with shaking. This experiment was performed twice with independent spore preparations, with similar results. Symbols: ○, α−β−SspCΔ11; □, α−β−SspC; and ▵, α−β−SspCΔ11-D13K.