Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study subjects according to intergroup comparison.
| Variables | 2017-Group (n = 1027) |
2018-Group (n = 879) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 77.0 ± 3.1 | 77.6 ± 3.3 | 0.0004 * |
| Male sex | 500(48.7%) | 415(47.2%) | 0.5212 |
| Married | 708(68.9%) | 559(63.7%) | 0.0151 |
| Living alone | 214(20.8%) | 228(25.9%) | 0.0085 |
| Urban living | 254(24.9%) | 277(31.6%) | 0.0012 |
| Education years | 9.1 ± 5.0 | 8.1 ± 4.9 | <0.0001 * |
| Body mass index | |||
| BMI < 19 | 29(2.8%) | 25(2.8%) | 0.3902 |
| BMI ≥ 23 | 714(69.5%) | 586(66.7%) | |
| Social Characteristics | |||
| Occupation | 283(27.6%) | 286(32.5%) | 0.0185 |
| Social activity | 964(93.9%) | 831(94.5%) | 0.5313 |
| House hold income | |||
| Low | 75(7.3%) | 51(5.8%) | 0.1871 |
| High | 950(92.7%) | 827(94.2%) | |
| Health behavior | |||
| Current smoker | 389(38.0%) | 340(38.7%) | 0.7420 |
| Heavy Alcohol drinking | 179(24.6%) | 132(20.9%) | 0.1080 |
| Low physical activity at baseline | 464(45.2%) | 445(50.6%) | 0.0177 |
| Low physical activity after 2 years | 497(48.4%) | 507(57.7%) | <0.0001 |
| Clinical conditions | |||
| Hypertension | 622(60.6%) | 526(60.0%) | 0.7738 |
| Dyslipidemia | 348(34.2%) | 360(41.8%) | 0.0007 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 244(23.8%) | 205(23.3%) | 0.8137 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 51(5%) | 42(4.8%) | 0.8502 |
| Cancer | 29(2.8%) | 27(3.1%) | 0.7494 |
| Vitamin d deficiency or insufficiency | 766(74.6%) | 641(73.0%) | 0.4342 |
| Depression at baseline | 222(21.6%) | 188(21.4%) | 0.9037 |
| Depression after 2 years | 257(25.0%) | 257(29.2%) | 0.0388 |
| Period until the next survey (day) | 702 ± 51.7 | 743.1 ± 43.1 | <0.0001 * |
Notes: All values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. p-values were based on the chi-squared test and independent t test (*); urban living and education years of 2018 data were replaced with 2016 data (no data for 2018); BMI normal range: 19 ≤ BMI < 23, social activity was defined as having at least one meeting or group activity with friends or colleagues (Yes or No); heavy alcohol drinking implies two or more weekly alcohol drinks (once seven cups for male, five cups for female).