Table 4.
Mean differences of cognitive function according to intragroup comparison.
| Mean Difference (2018–2016) |
Mean Difference (2020–2018) |
Intragroup Mean Difference Comparison (2020–2018)-(2018–2016) |
Cohen’s d | p Value * | p Value ** | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | ||||
| MMSE | 879 | –0.15 | 2.73 | 879 | −0.36 | 2.34 | 879 | −0.21 | 4.10 | −0.05 | 0.1301 | 0.0841 |
| Word List Memory | 873 | 0.47 | 3.53 | 873 | −0.14 | 3.56 | 873 | −0.61 | 6.03 | −0.10 | 0.0028 | 0.0003 |
| Word List Recall | 872 | 0.02 | 1.71 | 872 | −0.25 | 1.67 | 872 | −0.27 | 2.85 | −0.09 | 0.0057 | 0.0010 |
| Word List Recognition | 872 | −0.02 | 1.63 | 872 | −0.13 | 1.59 | 872 | −0.12 | 2.67 | −0.04 | 0.1997 | 0.1327 |
| TMT | 827 | 2.77 | 34.47 | 827 | 1.00 | 33.42 | 827 | −1.77 | 56.51 | −0.03 | 0.3677 | 0.2889 |
| 7-digit Span | 875 | −1.19 | 2.73 | 875 | −0.26 | 2.38 | 875 | 0.93 | 4.30 | 0.22 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| FAB | 875 | −0.34 | 2.70 | 875 | 0.23 | 2.43 | 875 | 0.57 | 4.43 | 0.13 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Notes: Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 (statistically significant). The effect size of Cohen’s d for two paired groups is (Intragroup mean difference comparison—0)/SD. * p-values are based on the paired t test. ** p-values are based on the multiple mixed model adjusted age, sex for repeated data; MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination); recall test (total score of 10); recognition test (total score of 10); TMT (Trail-Making Test, out of 360 s, increasingly worse); Span (digit span test, total score of 28); FAB (Frontal Assessment Battery, total score of 18).