Table 1.
Characteristics of participants (n = 81).
| Factors | Total Participants, n (%) |
Mean (SD) | Min-Max | Participants without BESS Impairment, n (%) |
Participants with BESS Impairment, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| <20 ≥20 |
45 (55.56) 36 (44.44) |
19 (0.51) 21 (1.64) |
18–19 20–25 |
9 (20) 12 (33) |
36 (80) 24 (67) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male Female |
10 (12.35) 71 (87.65) |
- | - | 4 (40) 17 (24) |
6 (60) 54 (76) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| <20 ≥20 |
49 (60.49) 32 (39.51) |
18.17 (1.27) 22.45 (2.11) |
15.9–19.95 20.3–28.38 |
10 (20) 11 (34) |
39 (80) 21 (66) |
| BDI (score) | |||||
| <4 ≥4 |
44 (54.32) 37 (45.68) |
1.72 (1.93) 8.29 (8.38) |
0–8 4–17 |
14 (32) 7 (19) |
30 (68) 30 (81) |
| DHI (score) | |||||
| <7 ≥7 |
43 (53.09) 38 (46.91) |
0.67 (0.07) 0.82 (0.06) |
0–6 8–28 |
14 (33) 7 (18) |
29 (67) 31 (82) |
| Smart phone and other visual display terminal use | |||||
| Daily hours of smartphone use | |||||
| <4 ≥4 |
24 (29.63) 57 (70.37) |
2.88 (0.27) 4.83 (1.70) |
2.5–3.5 2.5–8.0 |
16 (67) 5 (9) |
8 (33) 52 (91) |
| Years of smartphone use | |||||
| <4 ≥4 |
33 (40.74) 48 (59.26) |
2.67 (0.48) 4.88 (0.90) |
2–3 4–7 |
15 (45) 6 (13) |
18 (55) 42 (88) |
| Posture when using smartphone | |||||
| Sitting Lying |
33 (40.74) 48 (59.26) |
- | - | 11 (33) 10 (21) |
22 (67) 38 (79) |
| Daily hours of other visual display terminal use | |||||
| <2 ≥2 |
60 (74.07) 21 (25.93) |
0.38 (0.48) 3.29 (1.82) |
0–1 2–9 |
18 (30) 3 (14) |
42 (70) 18 (86) |
| Neck pain status | |||||
| Visual analogue scale (mm) | |||||
| <44 ≥44 |
60 (74.07) 21 (25.93) |
33.83 (4.37) 50.19 (4.75) |
30–44 45–64 |
21 (35) 0 (0) |
39 (65) 21 (100) |
| NDI (score) | |||||
| <7 ≥7 |
43 (53.09) 38 (46.91) |
5.30 (0.46) 9.29 (1.74) |
5–6 7–14 |
19 (44) 2 (5) |
24 (56) 36 (95) |
| Site of neck pain | |||||
| Central pain Right or left pain |
29 (35.80) 52 (64.20) |
- | - | 9 (17) 11 (52) |
43 (83) 10 (48) |
| Stage of neck pain | |||||
| Subacute Chronic |
54 (66.67) 27 (33.33) |
- | - | 17 (31) 4 (15) |
37 (69) 23 (85) |
| Episode | |||||
| <3 ≥3 |
14 (17.28) 67 (82.72) |
- | - | 10 (71) 11 (16) |
4 (29) 56 (84) |
| Cervical joint position sense error (degrees) | |||||
| Right rotation | |||||
| <4.5 ≥4.5 |
52 (64.20) 29 (35.80) |
3.05 (0.88) 6.29 (1.84) |
1.33–4 3.33–11.3 |
20 (35) 1 (4) |
37 (65) 23 (96) |
| Left rotation | |||||
| <4.5 ≥4.5 |
55 (67.90) 26 (32.10) |
3.03 (0.85) 6.09(1.80) |
1.33–4 4.5–11.3 |
21 (40) 0 (0) |
32 (60) 28 (100) |
| Craniocervical flexors test (mmHg) | |||||
| <24 ≥24 |
59 (72.84) 22 (27.16) |
26.47 (2.39) 17.64 (3.06) |
24–30 12–20 |
2 (9) 19 (32) |
20 (91) 40 (68) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; DHI, Dizziness Handicap Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory.