Table 1.
Sample characteristics by cognitive performance.
| All samples | Non-dementia | Dementia | DLB | P1-value | P2-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Num. | Pro. (%) | Num. | Pro. (%) | Num. | Pro. (%) | Num. | Pro. (%) | |||
| Num. of samples | 7,528 | 6,609 | 919 | 101 | ||||||
| Age (years) | 74.85 ± 6.29 | 74.33 ± 5.94 | 78.61 ± 7.42 | 80.24 ± 8.14 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| 65–69 | 1,746 | 23.2 | 1,633 | 24.7 | 113 | 12.3 | 13 | 12.9 | ||
| 70–74 | 1,988 | 26.4 | 1,817 | 27.5 | 171 | 18.6 | 14 | 13.9 | ||
| 75–79 | 2,220 | 29.5 | 1,974 | 29.9 | 246 | 26.8 | 19 | 18.8 | ||
| 80–84 | 962 | 12.8 | 767 | 11.6 | 195 | 21.2 | 28 | 27.7 | ||
| ≥85 | 612 | 8.1 | 418 | 6.3 | 194 | 21.1 | 27 | 26.7 | ||
| Gender | 0.001 | 0.731 | ||||||||
| Male | 3,204 | 42.6 | 2,861 | 43.3 | 343 | 37.3 | 42 | 41.6 | ||
| Female | 4,324 | 57.4 | 3,748 | 56.7 | 576 | 62.7 | 59 | 58.4 | ||
| Education (years) | 5.73 ± 4.51 | 5.96 ± 4.49 | 4.10 ± 4.30 | 4.61 ± 4.95 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| < 1 | 1,489 | 19.8 | 1,187 | 18.0 | 302 | 32.9 | 31 | 30.7 | ||
| 1–6 | 3,173 | 42.1 | 2,786 | 42.2 | 387 | 42.1 | 44 | 43.6 | ||
| >6 | 2,866 | 38.1 | 2,636 | 39.9 | 230 | 25.0 | 26 | 25.7 | ||
| Marriage | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
| Married | 5,747 | 76.3 | 5,171 | 78.2 | 576 | 62.7 | 54 | 53.5 | ||
| Un-married | 1,781 | 23.7 | 1,438 | 21.8 | 343 | 37.3 | 47 | 46.5 | ||
| Living status | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
| With spouse | 5,133 | 68.2 | 4,641 | 70.2 | 492 | 53.5 | 41 | 40.6 | ||
| Others | 2,395 | 31.8 | 1,968 | 29.8 | 427 | 46.5 | 60 | 59.4 | ||
| Occupation | 0.000 | 0.384 | ||||||||
| Non-manual | 3,479 | 46.2 | 3,116 | 47.1 | 363 | 39.5 | 52 | 51.5 | ||
| Manual | 4,049 | 53.8 | 3,493 | 52.9 | 556 | 60.5 | 49 | 48.5 | ||
| Smoking | 1,815 | 24.1 | 1,623 | 24.6 | 192 | 20.9 | 29 | 28.7 | 0.015 | 0.336 |
| Alcohol consumption | 1,568 | 20.8 | 1,415 | 21.4 | 153 | 16.6 | 21 | 20.8 | 0.001 | 0.881 |
| Stroke | 840 | 11.2 | 666 | 10.1 | 174 | 18.9 | 17 | 16.8 | 0.000 | 0.026 |
| DM | 1,142 | 15.2 | 1,003 | 15.2 | 139 | 15.1 | 22 | 21.8 | 0.968 | 0.067 |
| Heart disease | 1,211 | 16.1 | 1,053 | 15.9 | 158 | 17.2 | 24 | 23.8 | 0.330 | 0.033 |
| Hypertension | 3,843 | 51.0 | 3,371 | 51.0 | 472 | 51.4 | 54 | 53.5 | 0.841 | 0.624 |
| Parkinsonism syndrome | ||||||||||
| Rest tremor | 271 | 3.6 | 223 | 3.4 | 48 | 5.2 | 37 | 36.6 | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Rigidity | 103 | 1.4 | 85 | 1.3 | 18 | 2.0 | 18 | 17.8 | 0.100 | 0.000 |
| Bradykinesia | 255 | 3.4 | 211 | 3.2 | 44 | 4.8 | 43 | 42.6 | 0.012 | 0.000 |
| Postural instability | 25 | 0.3 | 23 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 2.0 | 0.520 | 0.008 |
| ANS dysfunction symptoms | ||||||||||
| OH | 763 | 10.1 | 672 | 10.2 | 91 | 9.9 | 23 | 22.8 | 0.802 | 0.000 |
| Sexual dysfunction | 267 | 3.5 | 235 | 3.6 | 32 | 3.5 | 11 | 10.9 | 0.910 | 0.000 |
| HH | 1,020 | 13.5 | 903 | 13.7 | 117 | 12.7 | 34 | 33.7 | 0.439 | 0.000 |
| Constipation | 1,144 | 15.2 | 988 | 14.9 | 156 | 17.0 | 32 | 31.7 | 0.109 | 0.000 |
| Urinary incontinence | 1,161 | 15.4 | 1,023 | 15.5 | 138 | 15.0 | 31 | 30.7 | 0.716 | 0.000 |
| Sleep disorders | ||||||||||
| Hypersomnia | 101 | 1.3 | 73 | 1.1 | 28 | 3.0 | 28 | 27.7 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insomnia | 1,804 | 24.0 | 1,577 | 23.9 | 227 | 24.7 | 30 | 29.7 | 0.576 | 0.172 |
| RBD | 201 | 2.7 | 167 | 2.5 | 34 | 3.7 | 22 | 21.8 | 0.039 | 0.000 |
| Current night-sleep duration (hours) | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
| < 5 | 654 | 8.7 | 535 | 8.1 | 119 | 12.9 | 20 | 19.8 | ||
| 5–8 | 5,588 | 74.2 | 4,986 | 75.4 | 602 | 65.5 | 67 | 66.3 | ||
| >8 | 1,195 | 15.9 | 1,022 | 15.5 | 173 | 18.8 | 14 | 13.9 | ||
| Missed | 91 | 1.2 | 66 | 1.0 | 25 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| C-MMSE score | 25.02 ± 5.28 | 26.46 ± 3.18 | 14.61 ± 5.67 | 14.56 ± 5.89 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| ADL score | 22.22 ± 6.11 | 20.42 ± 0.97 | 35.21 ± 10.34 | 37.24 ± 10.23 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| CDR score | 0.21 ± 0.63 | ‥0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.76 ± 0.72 | 1.77 ± 0.71 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
| 0–0.5 | 6,609 | 87.8 | 6,609 | 100.0 | – | – | – | – | ||
| 1.0 | 375 | 5.0 | – | – | 375 | 40.8 | 39 | 38.6 | ||
| 2.0 | 392 | 5.2 | – | – | 392 | 42.7 | 46 | 45.6 | ||
| 3.0 | 152 | 2.0 | – | – | 152 | 16.5 | 16 | 15.8 | ||
P1, dementia vs. non-dementia; P2, DLB vs. non-dementia; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; Num., Number; Pro., proportion; DM, diabetes mellitus; ANS dysfunction symptoms, autonomic nervous system dysfunction symptoms; OH, orthostatic hypotension; HH, hyperhidrosis; RBD, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder; C-MMSE, the Mini-Mental State Examination (Chinese version); ADL, the Activity of Daily Living Scale; CDR, the clinical dementia rating.