. 2022 Mar 3;16(1):53–60. doi: 10.14444/8177

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Study	Location	Study Design	Level of Evidence	Participants(n)	Gender(F/M)	Procedure Type	Duration of Study (mo)	Outcome
Kim et al, 2012¹⁰	Korea	Prospective cohort	2	31	31/0	Lumbar fusion (lumbar spinal stenosis)	12	VAS, ODI
Stoker et al, 2013⁵	US	Cross-sectional	4	313	176/137	Lumbar, thoracic, and cervical fusion (spondylosis and deformity)	15	ODI
Ravindra et al, 2015²	US	Cross-sectional	4	230	129/101	Lumbar, thoracic, and cervical fusion (pathology unknown)	12	ODI
Martins et al, 2017¹¹	Brazil	Prospective observational	2	46	29/17	Cervical and lumbar fusion (degenerative pathology, deformity, tumor, infection, and trauma)	12	VAS
Ravindra et al, 2019¹²	US	Prospective observational	2	58	24/34	Cervical fusion (cervical spondylotic myelopathy)	12	VAS, ODI
Donnally et al, 2019¹³	US	Retrospective	3	150	73/77	Lumbar and thoracic fusion (degenerative pathology, deformity, spondylosis, and lumbar spinal stenosis)	20	VAS
Xu et al, 2020¹⁴	China	Retrospective	3	360	212/148	Lumbar fusion (degenerative pathology, lumbar spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis)	24	VAS, ODI

ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; VAS, visual analog scale.