1. Results of included studies.
| Study | Results |
| Benzo 2011 |
Number of participants who developed a postoperative pulmonary complication IG: 3/9 (33%); CG: 5/8 (63%) P = 0.23 (between‐group) Number of days participants needed a chest tube IG: 4.3 (SD 2.1) days; CG: 8.8 (SD 5.3) days P = 0.03 (between‐group) Postoperative length of hospital stay IG: 6.3 (SD 3.0) days; CG: 11.0 (SD 6.3) days P = 0.058 (between‐group) |
| Garcia 2017 |
Number of participants who developed a postoperative pulmonary complication IG: 5/10 (50%); CG: 8/12 (66%) P = 0.361 (between‐group) Postoperative length of hospital stay IG: 5.5 (SD 4.85) daysa; CG: 3.75 (SD 1.9) daysa P = 0.539 (between‐group difference reported in paper calculated with median days) Exercise capacity 6MWD IG: 10 participants completed; CG: 12 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline; and postoperative measurements: postsurgery: mean: IG: 507.7 (SD 9) m decrease by 15.55 (SD 47.73) m; CG: 420.2 (SD 116.3) m decrease by 27.7 (SD 33.7) m P = 0.500 (between‐group) |
| Lai 2017a |
Number of participants who developed a postoperative pulmonary complication IG: 4/30 (13%); CG: 11/30 (37%) P = 0.037 (between‐group) Postoperative length of hospital stay IG: 6.9 (SD 4.4) days; CG: 10.7 (SD 6.4) days P = 0.01 (between‐group) Exercise capacity 6MWD IG: 30 participants completed; CG: 30 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: mean: IG: 431.7 (SD 102.8) m to 460.3 (SD 93.6) m; CG: 434.5 (SD 86.2) m to 443.9 (SD 88.4) m P = 0.029 (between‐group) Lung function PEF IG: 30 participants completed; CG: 30 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 351.7 (SD 132.3) L/minute to 377.8 (SD 130.5) L/minute (no P value reported); CG: 372.0 (SD 101.2) L/minute to 380.1 (SD 102.8) L/minute (no P value reported) P < 0.001 (between‐group) |
| Lai 2017b |
Number of participants who developed a postoperative pulmonary complication IG: 5/51 (10%); CG: 14/50 (28%) P = 0.019 (between‐group) Postoperative length of hospital stay IG: 6.1 (SD 3.0) days; CG: 8.7 (SD 4.6) days P = 0.001 (between‐group) Costs Cost of hospital stay IG: EUR 7550.7 (SD 1351.9); CG: EUR 8466.4 (SD 2441.2) P = 0.023 (between‐group) Medication cost IG: EUR 1235.5 (SD 564.5); CG: EUR 1817.6 (SD 1443.8) P = 0.010 (between‐group) Dyspnoea BORG scale during the 6MWT IG: 51 participants completed; CG: 50 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: mean: IG: 1.2 (SD 1.7) to 1.0 (SD 1.5) (no P value reported); CG: 1.1 (SD 0.8) to 1.2 (SD 0.6) (no P value reported) P = 0.065 (between‐group) Exercise capacity 6MWD IG: 51 participants completed; CG: 50 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: mean: IG: 476.4 (SD 102.7) m to 499.6 (SD 105.0) m (no P value reported); CG: 485.4 (SD 83.1) m to 489.6 (SD 81.4) m (no P value reported) P < 0.001 (between‐group) Lung function PEF IG: 51 participants completed; CG: 50 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 359.0 (SD 127.2) L/minute to 384.2 (SD 122) L/minute (no P value reported); CG: 381.0 (SD 90.4) L/minute to 388.0 (SD 89.7) L/minute (no P value reported) P = 0.003 (between‐group) |
| Lai 2019 |
Number of participants who developed a postoperative pulmonary complication IG: 4/34 (12%); CG: 12/34 (35%) P = 0.022 (between‐group) Postoperative length of hospital stay Median: IG: 5.0 (IQR 4.0 to 7.0) days; CG: 8.0 (IQR 7.0 to 10.0) days P < 0.001 (between‐group) Costs Cost of hospital stay IG: median: CNY 48,588.7 (IQR 44,999.1 to 52,693.3); CG: CNY 52,445.3 (IQR 49,002.9 to 61,994.0) P = 0.016 (between‐group) Medication cost IG: median medication cost: CNY 7230.0 (IQR 6661.9 to 8347.4); CG: CNY 11,388.6 (IQR 7963.0 to 16,314.3) P < 0.001 (between‐group) Exercise capacity 6MWD IG: 34 participants completed; CG: 34 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: mean: IG: 454.6 (SD 100.9) m baseline; change postintervention 22.6 (SD 27.0) m; CG: 464.4 (SD 83.0) m baseline; change postintervention 2.7 (SD 27.6) m P = 0.004 (between‐group) |
| Licker 2016 |
Number of participants who developed a postoperative pulmonary complication IG: 17/74 (23%); CG: 33/77 (43%) P = 0.018 (between‐group) Postoperative length of hospital stay IG: 9.7 (SD 3.4) daysa; CG: 10.5 (SD 4.5) daysa P < 0.05 (between‐group) Exercise capacity 6MWD IG: 74 participants completed; CG: 77 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: mean: IG: 398 (SD 167) m to 462 (SD 206) m (no P value reported); CG: 368 (SD 143) m to 362 (SD 172) m (no P value reported)a P = 0.804 (between‐group) Exercise capacity VO2peak IG: 74 participants completed; CG: 77 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 19.9 (SD 5.7) mL/kg/minute to 21.9 (SD 6.2) mL/kg/minute (no P value reported); CG: 20.4 (SD 5.7) mL/kg/minute to 19.0 (SD 5.8) mL/kg/minute (no P value reported)a P = 0.004 (between‐group) |
| Liu 2020 |
Number of participants who developed a postoperative pulmonary complication IG: 4/37 (11%); CG: 5/36 (14%) Between‐group difference not calculated for this grade of complications Number of days participants needed a chest tube Median: IG: 3 (IQR 3 to 4) days; CG: 3 (IQR 3 to 4.8) days P = 0.762 (between‐group) Postoperative length of hospital stay Median: IG: 5 (IQR 4 to 6) days; CG: 5 (IQR 4 to 6) days P = 0.973 (between‐group) Exercise capacity 6MWD IG: 37 participants completed; CG: 36 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention; and postoperative measurement: 30 days postoperative: mean: IG: 564.6 (SD 67.8) m, increased by 45.1 m at postintervention (P < 0.05), and increased (from baseline) by 21.5 m at 30 days postoperative (P < 0.05); CG: 553.2 (SD 56.3) m, increased by 3.8 m at postintervention (P < 0.05), and decreased (from baseline) by 36.1 m at 30 days postoperative P < 0.001 (between‐group) Lung function FEV1 IG: 37 participants completed; CG: 36 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 90.2 (SD 15.0) % predicted to 95.6 (SD 13.6) % predicted; CG: 92.1 (SD 16.2) % predicted to 90.5 (SD 12.4) % predicted Between‐group difference was not calculated FVC IG: 37 participants completed; CG: 36 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 98.9 (SD 11.8) % predicted to 104.1 (SD 13.0) % predicted (no P value reported); CG: 96.2 (SD 14.0) % predicted to 95.1 (SD 13.7) % predicted (no P value reported) Between‐group difference was not calculated PEF IG: 37 participants completed; CG: 36 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 316.1 (SD 112.4) L/minute to 377.9 (SD 89.4) L/minute (no P value reported); CG: 335.1 (SD 106.9) L/minute to 368.3 (SD 110.1) L/minute (no P value reported) P = 0.339 (between‐group) |
| Morano 2013 |
Number of participants who developed a postoperative pulmonary complication IG: 2/12 (17%); CG: 7/9 (78%) P = 0.01 (between‐group) Number of days participants needed a chest tube IG: 4.5 (SD 2.9) days; CG: 7.4 (SD 2.6) days P = 0.03 (between‐group) Postoperative length of hospital stay IG: 7.8 (SD 4.8) days; CG: 12.2 (SD 3.6) days P = 0.04 (between‐group) Exercise capacity 6MWD IG: 12 participants completed; CG: 12 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: mean: IG: 425.5 (SD 85.3) m to 475 (SD 86.5) m (P < 0.01); CG: 339.6 (SD 107) m to 335 (SD 107) m (P > 0.05) P < 0.001 (between‐group) Lung function FEV1 IG: 12 participants completed; CG: 12 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 48.1 (SD 13.9) % predicted to 54.8 (SD 22.4) % predicted (P = 0.08); CG: 51.7 (SD 9.8) % predicted to 58.8 (SD 13.0) % predicted (P = 0.23) Between‐group difference not calculated FVC IG: 12 participants completed; CG: 12 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: median: IG: 62.5% (IQR 49 to 71) to 76% (IQR 65 to 79.7); P = 0.02; CG: 62.5% (IQR 56 to 92) to 71% (IQR 63.2 to 89); P = 0.37 Between‐group difference not calculated |
| Pehlivan 2011 |
Number of participants who developed a postoperative pulmonary complication IG: 1/30 (3%); CG: 5/30 (17%) P = 0.04 (between‐group) Postoperative length of hospital stay IG: 5.4 (SD 2.7) days; CG: 9.7 (SD 3.1) days P < 0.001 (between‐group) Lung function FEV1 IG: 30 participants completed; CG: 30 participants completed Preoperative measurements: change from baseline to postintervention: IG: 15.84 (SD 2.10) % predicted; CG: 9.92 (SD 3.5) % predicted P = 0.3 (between‐group) FVC IG: 30 participants completed; CG: 30 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 19.26 (SD 2.33) % predicted; CG: 16.3 (SD 2.4) % predicted P = 0.6 (between‐group) |
| Stefanelli 2013 |
Dyspnoea BORG scale at end of 6MWT IG: 20 participants completed; CG: 20 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: mean: IG: 1.7 (SD 2.2) to 0.9 (SD 1.0) (P < 0.05); CG: 1.9 (SD 0.6) to 1.8 (SD 0.7) (P > 0.05) Between‐group difference not calculated Exercise capacity VO2peak IG: 20 participants completed; CG: 20 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 14.9 (SD 2.3) mL/kg/minute to 17.8 (SD 2.1) mL/kg/minute (no P value reported); CG: 14.8 (SD 1.4) mL/kg/minute to 14.5 (SD 1.82) mL/kg/minute (no P value reported) P < 0.001 (between‐group) Lung function FEV1 IG: 20 participants completed; CG: 20 participants completed Preoperative measurements: baseline and postintervention: IG: 57.4 (SD 19.1) % predicted to 59.8 (SD 19.2) % predicted; CG: 57.6 (SD 16.9) % predicted to 57.5 (SD 17.0) % predicted P > 0.05 (between‐group) |
6MWD: six‐minute walk distance; CG: control group; CNY: Chinese Yuan; EUR: Euro; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: forced vital capacity; IG: intervention group (exercise); IQR: interquartile range; PEF: peak expiratory flow; SD: standard deviation; VO2peak: peak oxygen consumption.
aData provided by the study author.