Table 3.
Lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and other parameters of the subjects within each group at different times and between groups.
| Parameters | RP jelly drink (n = 20) | P value within group | Placebo jelly drink (n = 20) | P value within group | P value between group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (CV%) | 4 weeks (CV%) | 8 weeks (CV%) | Baseline (CV%) | 4 weeks (CV%) | 8 weeks (CV%) | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.685 ± 4.35 (17.62) | 24.42 ± 4.84 (19.82) | 24.34 ± 3.82 (15.69) | 0.895 | 24.145 ± 4.53 (18.02) | 24.9 ± 4.27 (17.15) | 24.81 ± 4.34 (17.49) | 0.832 | 0.950 |
| SBP, mmHg | 119.58 ± 11.82 (9.89) | 116.25 ± 17.57 (15.11) | 112.21 ± 31.09 (27.97) | 0.543 | 118.90 ± 3.47 (2.92) | 110.00 ± 28.38 (21.25) | 115.95 ± 16.55 (14.27) | 0.230 | 0.945 |
| DBP, mmHg | 71.48 ± 2.01 (2.81) | 78.55 ± 15.34 (19.53) | 79.89 ± 15.89 (19.89) | 0.818 | 69.43 ± 1.92 (2.77) | 76.35 ± 8.40 (11.00) | 77.84 ± 12.29 (15.79) | 0.234 | 0.464 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 79.50 ± 13.76 (17.35) | 82.25 ± 18.52 (22.52) | 81.58 ± 15.12 (14.11) | 0.094 | 78.28 ± 2.71 (3.46) | 79.15 ± 11.91 (15.05) | 80.68 ± 17.08 (21.17) | 0.506 | 0.357 |
| TC, mg/dL | 203.76 ± 38.04 (18.67) | 198.35 ± 35.59 (17.94) | 192.79 ± 27.08 (14.05) | 0.727 | 199.8 ± 35.12 (17.57) | 214.62 ± 39.12 (18.23) | 201.95 ± 43.54 (21.56) | 0.214 | 0.530 |
| TG, mg/dL | 132.33 ± 75.11 (56.76) | 142.55 ± 54.00 (37.88) | 109.79 ± 38.83a (36.28) | 0.020∗ | 130.73 ± 29.50 (22.57) | 164.95 ± 41.85a (25.37) | 145.84 ± 48.90 (33.53) | 0.775 | 0.016∗ |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.00 ± 14.40 (30.64) | 55.81 ± 10.35a (18.55) | 51.29 ± 10.52 (20.51) | 0.014∗ | 49.70 ± 10.62 (21.37) | 51.70 ± 11.45 (22.15) | 51.11 ± 11.24 (21.99) | 0.447 | 0.780 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 128.43 ± 32.74 (25.49) | 107.47 ± 20.87aa (19.42) | 107.63 ± 22.98aa (21.35) | 0.0.29∗ | 126.75 ± 31.76 (25.06) | 133.39 ± 31.49 (23.61) | 128.11 ± 34.56 (26.98) | 0.766 | 0.018∗ |
| MDA, nmol/mL | 0.516 ± 0.032 (6.20) | 0.415 ± 0.010a (2.41) | 0.471 ± 0.024 (5.10) | 0.001∗∗∗ | 0.524 ± 0.042 (8.02) | 0.512 ± 0.016 (3.13) | 0.553 ± 0.021 (3.80) | 0.493 | 0.032 |
| GSH, μg/mL | 0.554 ± 0.084 (15.16) | 1.024 ± 0.141a (13.77) | 1.09 ± 0.148a (14.52) | 0.091 | 0.577 ± 0.072 (12.48) | 0.607 ± 0.048 (7.91) | 0.428 ± 0.053 (12.38) | 0.518 | 0.020∗ |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 14.75 ± 1.97 (13.36) | 12.47 ± 1.89 (15.16) | 6.06 ± 0.34a (5.61) | 0.025∗ | 13.68 ± 2.18 (15.94) | 14.05 ± 1.92 (13.67) | 11.19 ± 1.15 (10.28) | 0.586 | 0.026 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.02 ± 0.10 (9.80) | 1.04 ± 0.05 (18.29) | 1.05 ± 0.09 (8.57) | 0.810 | 0.95 ± 0.06 (6.32) | 1.04 ± 0.13 (12.50) | 1.05 ± 0.06a (15.70) | 0.003∗∗ | 0.096 |
| IL-10, pg/mL | 5.62 ± 0.96 (17.08) | 6.07 ± 1.11 (13.77) | 7.07 ± 1.04 (14.71) | 0.516 | 5.34 ± 0.73 (13.67) | 6.06 ± 1.61 (26.57) | 7.09 ± 0.95 (13.40) | 0.638 | 0.854 |
| MCPL-1, pg/mL | 7.77 ± 0.70 (9.91) | 8.51 ± 0.38 (4.46) | 7.14 ± 0.72 (10.08) | 0.193 | 7.38 ± 0.34 (4.61) | 9.43 ± 0.28 (2.97) | 7.65 ± 0.72 (9.41) | 0.585 | 0.673 |
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviations and the coefficient of variation percent (CV%). Data were analyzed using repeated-measured ANOVA for comparing the changes over time within and between study groups. a indicates the significant differences within each group at different times when compared to baseline (P value <0.05). BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH: glutathione reduced; IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.