Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study patients
| Men n = 208 |
Women n = 165 |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67.0 (11.0) | 66.0 (10.3) | 0.339 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 14.6 (9.6) | 13.0 (10.6) | 0.137 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.4 (18.1) | 135.2 (19.7) | 0.353 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.2 (10.9) | 78.7 (11.7) | 0.67 |
| Height (cm) | 167.1 (6.2) | 153.3 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 65.8 (10.8) | 60.3 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 (3.6) | 25.7 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Appendicular lean mass (kg) | 20.2 (3.5) | 16.1 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| SM/Ht2 (kg/m2) | 7.2 (1.0) | 6.8 (1.6) | 0.009 |
| SM/Wt (%) | 30.9 (4.1) | 26.9 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 33.6 (7.7) | 21.0 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted grip strength (%) | 51.9 (12.5) | 35.8 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Regular exercises | 50.0% (104) | 44.2% (73) | 0.269 |
| Current smoker | 21.2% (44) | 6.1% (10) | <0.001 |
| Habitual alcohol consumption | 22.1% (46) | 0.6% (1) | <0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 24.9 (11.4) | 22.1 (9.2) | 0.014 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 25.6 (17.7) | 22.1 (15.2) | 0.046 |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) | 40.2 (38.2) | 28.6 (19.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mM) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.4 (0.8) | 0.281 |
| HDL-C (mM) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.4) | 0.003 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4 (1.2) | 7.4 (1.4) | 0.923 |
| HbA1c (mM) | 57.1 (13.3) | 56.9 (15.1) | 0.923 |
| Usage of antihypertensive medications | 55.3% (115) | 52.7% (87) | 0.622 |
| Usage of antidyslipidemia medications | 46.6% (97) | 44.9% (74) | 0.731 |
| Usage of antidiabetic oral medications | 76.4% (159) | 75.8% (125) | 0.878 |
| Usage of GLP-1 analog | 13.9% (29) | 20.0% (33) | 0.119 |
| Usage of insulin | 22.6% (47) | 25.5 (42) | 0.52 |
| Obesity (%) | 31.7% (66) | 40.6% (67) | 0.076 |
| Hypertension (%) | 74.5% (155) | 72.7% (120) | 0.696 |
| Hypertriglycerides (%) | 36.5% (76) | 26.1% (43) | 0.031 |
| Low HDL-C (%) | 7.7% (16) | 21.8% (36) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome score | 2.5 (0.9) | 2.6 (.1.1) | 0.291 |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 53.9% (112) | 47.9% (79) | 0.252 |
| aLMM (%) | 8.7% (18) | 67.3% (111) | <0.001 |
| aLMS (%) | 24.0% (50) | 24.9% (41) | 0.856 |
| Sarcopenia defined by aLMM and aLMS (%) | 3.2% (1) | 18.6% (30) | <0.001 |
| rLMM (%) | 26.1% (43) | 23.0% (37) | 0.518 |
| rLMS (%) | 53.3% (88) | 47.8% (77) | 0.32 |
| Sarcopenia defined by rLMM and rLMS (%) | 17.6% (29) | 15.5% (25) | 0.619 |
Data are expressed as mean (SD) or % (number). The difference between groups was analyzed by Student’s t test or Chi-square test. SM/Ht2, height-adjust skeletal muscle mass index; SM/Wt, weight-adjust skeletal muscle mass index; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; aLMM, absolute low muscle mass; aLMS, absolute low muscle strength; rLMM, relative low muscle mass; rLMS, relative low muscle strength.