Fig. 1.

Underlying molecular mechanism for GCs-BMSCs. (A) MA plot of DEGs of BMSCs derived from GCs-treated and Ctrl SD rats (red represents upregulated DEGs and blue represents downregulated DEGs). (B) Immune- and bone-related GO enrichment based on DEGs (C) Heatmap of the top-10 upregulated and downregulated DEGs. (D, E) Protein levels of WNT16 and β-catenin (total and nuclear protein levels) in Ctrl- and GCs-BMSCs. (F) Quantification of ALP activity of Ctrl- and GCs-BMSCs after 3 and 7 days of culture in osteogenic induction medium. (G) ALP and ARS staining of cells, as indicated, after 7 and 14 days of culture in osteogenic induction medium, respectively. (H, I) H&E and IHC staining (collagen-I and WNT16) results of femurs in Ctrl- and GCs-BMSCs treated rats. Data are mean ± SD. Significant differences among groups are indicated (**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05).