Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Sep 26;7(10):1525–1535. doi: 10.1038/s41564-022-01213-w

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3 — a, Transition model showing the progression of samples through each PGCT from DOL 0 to DOL 69, based on probiotic type. The nodes and edges are sized based on the total counts; nodes are coloured according to PGCT and edges by the transition frequency. b, Prevalence of the B. infantis HMO gene clusters among other species. c, Estimated marginal means (95% CIs) representing Shannon diversity for each probiotic type, obtained from the Shannon diversity linear mixed-effects model adjusted for gestational age, birthweight, birth mode, sex, season, antibiotics, day of full feed, MOM, BMF, formula, weight z-scores, DOL and patient ID. The statistical significance shown is after adjustment for multiple comparisons using two-tailed Tukey’s HSD method. d, NMDS plot of taxonomic profiles for all samples (n = 1,431), showing the mean centroid for each probiotic type. e, Prevalence of probiotic species before, during and after probiotic treatment, stratified by probiotic type. Samples from infants who took no probiotic have been subset into three discrete time bins based on the average start and stop days for probiotic treatment (8 DOL and 44 DOL, respectively). The statistical significance shown is within probiotic summary groups (that is, before, during and after) following adjustment for multiple comparisons using Dunnett’s method, whereby samples from infants who took no probiotic were used as the control for each group. f, NMDS plot of EC number profiles for all samples (n = 1,431) showing the mean centroid for each probiotic type.