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. 2022 Sep 26;7(10):1525–1535. doi: 10.1038/s41564-022-01213-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a,b, Estimated marginal means (95% CIs) representing Shannon diversity for MOM (a) and antibiotics (b), obtained from the Shannon diversity, linear, mixed-effects models adjusted for gestational age, birthweight, birth mode, sex, season, day of full feed, BMF, formula, probiotics, weight z-scores, DOL and patient ID. The statistical significance shown is after adjustment for multiple comparisons using the two-tailed Dunnett’s method, whereby ‘never’ or ‘no’ was used as the control, respectively. c,d, Box plots showing the relative abundance of bifidobacteria and staphylococci in all samples (n = 1.431) across MOM (c) and antibiotic (d) groups. The centre lines denote the median, the box limits denote the IQR and the whiskers extend to the limits. Points outside the whiskers represent outliers. Statistical significance is based on P values and q values obtained from MaAsLin2 analysis.