Exosome identification and construction of exosome activated biomimetic periosteum. (A, B) TEM exosome identification. (C) Detection of exosome markers by Western blot. (D, E) The quantitative analysis of B. (F, G) Particle size analysis of exosomes and EA. (H–J) SEM identification of biomimetic periosteum by electrospinning and biomimetic periosteum loaded with exosomes. Scale bar = 200 nm in panels (A), 2 μm in panels (G, H). N = 3, ∗∗∗p<0.001.