Table 5.
Ultrasonic conditions in the surface modification of nanocellulose.
| Modification | Nanocellulose type | Ultrasonic Equipment | Ultrasonic Conditions |
Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Power (W) | Time (min) | Freq (kHz) | Temp (˚C) | ||||
| Sulphonation | CNC | Probe | Pre-treatment | 750 | 15 | 25 | – | [141] |
| CNC | Probe | Post-treatment | 800 | 5 | – | 45 | [218] | |
| CNC | Probe | Post-treatment | 400 | 120 | 24 | 10 | [83] | |
| CNC | Probe | Post-treatment | – | 60 | 22 | – | [119] | |
| CNC | Bath | Post-treatment | 350 | 15 | 53 | – | [219] | |
| TEMPO-mediated oxidation | CNF | Bath | Synchronous | 1000 | 60 | 170 | 14 | [146] |
| CNF | Probe | Post-treatment | 300 | 20 | – | – | [175] | |
| CNC | Probe | Post-treatment | 400 | 30 | 20 | – | [160] | |
| Etherification | CNF | Bath | Pre-treatment | – | 240 | – | – | [232] |
| Bath | Pre-treatment Post-treatment |
600 600 |
240 30 |
40 20 |
65 – |
[233] | ||
| Transesterification | CNC | Probe | Pre-treatment | – | 1 | 20 | – | [229] |
| Silylation | CNC | Bath | Pre-treatment | – | 20 | – | – | [231] |
| Grafting | CNC | Probe | Pre-treatment | 400 | 2 | 20 | – | [234] |