Table 6.

Summary of companies involved in nanocellulose industrial production.

Type	Company	Production capacity (tonne per year)	Process involved	Ref.a, b
CNC	CelluForce, Canada	260	H2SO4 hydrolysis, membrane filtration, spray dryer	[286]
	Alberta Innovates, Canada	5	H2SO4 hydrolysis, centrifuge, membrane filtration, spray drying	[286]
	U.S. Forest Products Lab, US	3	H2SO4 hydrolysis, dilution, neutralization, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis filtration, diafiltration	[287]
	Anomera, Canada	1	Dilute H2O2 oxidation, heating or UV radiation, centrifugation or diafiltration, spray drying	[288]
	Blue Goose Biorefineries, Canada	2	Transition metal-catalysed oxidation, ultrasonication	[289]
CNF	University of Maine, US	260	Mechanical disc refiner	[287]
	American Process, US	130	Fractionation with SO2 and ethanol, mechanical treatment (refining, sonication, or microfluidization)	[290]
	US Forest Products Lab, US	<1	TEMPO oxidation, neutralization, disc refining, centrifugation, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, freeze-drying	[286], [287]

H₂SO₄, sulfuric acid; H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide; SO₂, sulfur dioxide. ^aReferences are included for patents and journals describing the production process, where available. ^bReferences for production capacity were obtained from the TAPPI organization [291] and McGill University [292].