Table 2.
All age-based comparisons effect sizes.
| Total | ≤40 |
41–64 |
≥65 |
p-value | Effect sizes (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 18 | N = 27 | N = 63 | |||||
| Age | Mean (SD) | 60.9 (22.1) | 20.8 (13) | 52.6 (7.2) | 75.9 (6.9) | ||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 68.5 (48.3–76) | 23.5 (10.5–30.5) | 51 (47–60) | 76 (71–81) | |||
| Min–Max | 0.3–98 | 0.3–39 | 42–63 | 65–98 | |||
| Sex | Male | 76 (70) | 11 (61) | 17 (63) | 48 (76) | 0.290 | 0.15 (0.04–0.36) |
| Laterality | Unilateral | 74 (69) | 11 (61) | 19 (70) | 44 (70) | 0.759 | 0.07 (0.03–0.31) |
| Bilateral | 34 (32) | 7 (39) | 8 (30) | 19 (30) | |||
| Location if unilateral | Left | 38 (51) | 5 (46) | 9 (47) | 24 (55) | 0.797 | 0.08 (0.04–0.36) |
| Right | 36 (49) | 6 (55) | 10 (53) | 20 (46) | |||
| Preoperative GCS | Mild | 82 (87) | 14 (100) | 23 (92) | 45 (82) | 0.525 | 0.15 (0.10–0.26) |
| Moderate | 8 (9) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 7 (13) | |||
| Severe | 4 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 3 (6) | |||
| CT density | Hypo | 2 (2) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0.359 | 0.15 (0.07–0.39) |
| ISO | 8 (9) | 2 (17) | 2 (8) | 4 (7) | |||
| Hyper | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
| Mixed | 81 (89) | 9 (75) | 23 (92) | 49 (91) | |||
| Preoperative maximum thickness | Mean (SD) | 26.2 (12.6) | 20.2 (12.9) | 24.3 (16.2) | 28.6 (10) | 0.016∗ | 0.11 (0.00–0.24) |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 25.5 (17.8–34) | 10 (17.6–27) | 15.5 (20–26.5) | 29 (20–35) | |||
| Min–Max | 2.5–85 | 2.5–43 | 10–85 | 6–56 | |||
| Median = 25.5 | <25.5 | 35 (50) | 7 (70) | 13 (68) | 15 (37) | 0.033 | 0.32 (0.15–0.55) |
| ≥25.5 | 35 (50) | 3 (30) | 6 (32) | 26 (63) | |||
| Postoperative maximum thickness | Mean (SD) | 14.5 (9.5) | 11.5 (8.2) | 10.6 (7.3) | 17.1 (10.1) | 0.035∗ | 0.09 (0.00–0.22) |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 14 (7.8–21) | 11.5 (6–17) | 8 (5–14.5) | 14 (10.5–25.5) | |||
| Min-Max | 0–48 | 0–24 | 0–25 | 0–48 | |||
| Median SD = 14 | <14 | 33 (47) | 5 (50) | 12 (63) | 16 (39) | 0.229 | 0.21 (0.05–0.46) |
| ≥14 | 37 (53) | 5 (50) | 7 (37) | 25 (61) | |||
| Preoperative midline shift | Mean (SD) | 7.4 (5) | 7.7 (5.9) | 7.9 (5.3) | 7 (4.8) | 0.794∗∗ | 0.01 (0.00–0.07) |
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 7 (4–11) | 6 (3.5–13) | 7 (5–11) | 7 (4–11.8) | |||
| Min-Max | 0–18 | 0–15 | 0–18 | 0–18 | |||
| Median = 7 | <7 | 33 (49) | 4 (57) | 10 (48) | 19 (48) | 0.938 | 0.06 (0.03–0.35) |
| ≥7 | 35 (52) | 3 (43) | 11 (52) | 21 (53) | |||
| Postoperative midline shift | Mean (SD) | 2.6 (2.6) | 2.6 (2.8) | 2.6 (3.3) | 2.7 (2.3) | 0.851∗ | 0.01 (0.00–0.08) |
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 3 (0–4) | 2 (0–5) | 2 (0–4) | 3 (0–4) | |||
| Min–Max | 0–13 | 0–6 | 0–13 | 0–7 | |||
| Median = 3 | <3 | 32 (47) | 4 (57) | 11 (52) | 17 (43) | 0.716 | 0.11 (0.03–0.37) |
| ≥3 | 36 (53) | 3 (43) | 10 (48) | 23 (48) | |||
| Clinical presentation: | Headache | 70 (68) | 14 (78) | 22 (92) | 34 (56) | 0.004 | 0.33 (0.18–0.49) |
| Limb weakness | 42 (41) | 3 (17) | 6 (25) | 33 (54) | 0.004 | 0.33 (0.18–0.51) | |
| Speech impairment | 7 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (12) | 0.136 | 0.22 (0.13–0.30) | |
| Unsteady gait | 13 (13) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 12 (20) | 0.033 | 0.26 (0.15–0.38) | |
| Altered consciousness | 21 (20) | 1 (6) | 2 (8) | 18 (30) | 0.026 | 0.27 (0.14–0.42) | |
| Comorbidities: | HTN | 59 (55) | 0 (0) | 13 (48) | 46 (74) | ≤0.001 | 0.55 (0.43–0.68) |
| DM | 36 (34) | 0 (0) | 8 (30) | 28 (45) | 0.001 | 0.35 (0.26–0.47) | |
| Heart diseases | 39 (36) | 1 (6) | 9 (33) | 29 (47) | 0.006 | 0.31 (0.19–0.46) | |
| Trauma | 29 (27) | 3 (17) | 5 (19) | 21 (33) | 0.231 | 0.17 (0.04–0.35) | |
| Smoking | 21 (19) | 2 (11) | 6 (22) | 13 (21) | 0.703 | 0.10 (0.03–0.28) | |
| Medications: | Anti-platelets | 35 (33) | 0 (0) | 13 (48) | 22 (36) | 0.003 | 0.33 (0.25–0.47) |
| Anti-coagulants | 12 (11) | 1 (6) | 5 (19) | 6 (10) | 0.432 | 0.14 (0.03–0.37) | |
| Recurrence | 14 (13) | 2 (11) | 2 (7) | 10 (16) | 0.673 | 0.11 (0.03–0.28) | |
∗ p-values were computed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Thus effect sizes are eta-squared (η2).
∗∗ p-values were computed using analysis of variance. Thus effect sizes are eta-squared (η2).
Values in bold highlight significant results (P value ≤ 0.05).