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. 2022 Sep 28;13(9):835. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-05238-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — A Nude mice injected with silencing PTBP1 or silencing PTBP1 combined with inhibition of ITSN1-L LN229 cells. The images shown represent results for 7 mice. Red and blue dotted lines indicated the location and size of the tumors. B Tumor growth curve in indicated nude mice. values were expressed as mean ± SD (two-way ANOVA, ns, no significance). C The representative images show xenograft tumor tissues isolated from the nude mice. D Representative images of hematoxylin-eosin staining (left, scale bars, 200 μm), the frequency of xenograft invasion in mice was analyzed quantitatively (right), P value was calculated using the chi-square test. ***P < 0.001. E Representative immunohistochemical staining with anti-Ki67 in xenograft tumor sections (left, scale bars, 200 μm), the percentage of positive staining cells with the expression of Ki67 in xenografts were quantified (right). F Nude mice injected with silencing PTBP1 or silencing PTBP1 combined with overexpression of ITSN1-S LN229 cells. The images shown represent results for 8 mice. Red and blue dotted lines indicated the location and size of the tumors. G Tumor growth curve in indicated nude mice, values were expressed as mean ± SD (two-way ANOVA, ***P < 0.001). H The representative images show the xenograft tumors isolated from nude mice after sacrificed. I Representative images of hematoxylin-eosin staining in indicated tumor sections (left, scale bars, 200 μm), the frequency of xenograft invasion in mice was analyzed by quantitatively (right), P value was calculated using the chi-square test. ***P < 0.001. J Immunohistochemistry for Ki67 of representative images in tumor sections (left, scale bars, 200 μm), the expression of Ki67 was quantified with percentage of Ki67-positive cells to the total cells in tumor sections (right) (two-tailed Student’s t test, ***P < 0.001). K A proposed schema involving PTBP1 enhanced the inclusion of ITSN1 exon 30 to promote glioma progression. PTBP1 enhanced ITSN1 exon 30 inclusion through the binding of poly-pyrimidine sequences of exon 30, and the expression of ITSN1-S increased as well as the expression of ITSN1-L decreased, which promoted glioma progression.