Table 1.
The summary of lactulose on the effect of glucose response in human studies.
| Drugs | Author (year) | Subjects | Periods | Study design | Outcomes | Additional remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lactulose 20 and 30 g (equivalent to 30 and 45 ml) | Pieber et al., 2021 (18) | 24 type 2 diabetes | Single dose | Randomized, controlled, crossover study | No significant differences in glucose iAUC between lactulose and water in glucose were observed, but there was a slight decrease in net glucose iAUC either in 20 and 30 g of lactulose from baseline. | No supplement with foods |
| Lactulose 10 and 20 g (equivalent to 15 and 30 ml) | Steudle et al., 2018 (17) | 24 healthy volunteer | Single dose | Randomized, controlled, crossover study | No significant differences in glucose iAUC between lactulose and water in glucose were observed. | No supplement with foods |
| Lactulose 5 g (equivalent to 7.5 ml) | Brighenti et al., 2006 (15) | 10 healthy volunteer | 3 test meals (high GI, high GI with lactulose, and low GI) | Randomized controlled feeding study | Fermentable dietary fiber in low GI meals and high GI meals with lactulose improved glucose tolerance in the next meal and lowered the non-esterified fatty acids and delayed gastric emptying. | Supplements with foods |
| Lactulose 15 and 30 g (equivalent to 22.5 and 45 ml) | Frost et al., 1999 (16) | 10 insulin-resistant patients with coronary heart disease | 6 days of lactulose loading (15 g/day for 2 days and 30 g/day for 4 days). | Randomized, controlled, crossover study | No significant effect on insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (7–36) response in patients with coronary heart disease. | Supplement with habitual diet |
| Lactulose 8.2 g (equivalent to 12.2 ml) | Bianchi et al., 1997 (11) | 10 obese patients | 1-day diet with lactulose vs. 1-day placebo diet | Randomized controlled feeding study | Lactulose decreased the average glucose level by 0.53 ± 0.28 mmol/L and insulin by 74.6 ± 45.2 pmol/L. | Supplements with foods |
| Lactulose 8.25 g (equivalent to 12.4 ml) | Bianchi et al., 1994 (12) | 10 obese patients | 1-day diet with lactulose vs. 1-day placebo diet | Randomized controlled feeding study | Glucose level was reduced and insulin response was halved when compared to the placebo diet, and the insulin response to meals was blunted by 100–250 pmol/L. | Supplements with foods |
iAUC, incremental area under the curve; GI, glycemic index.