Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Sep 29;30(2):279–292. doi: 10.1038/s41418-022-01062-4

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — TNF induces NF-κB activation via the assembly of a complex which includes RIPK1, the E3 ligases cIAP1/2 and LUBAC which ubiquitinate and stabilise the complex, and the kinase complexes IKKɑ/β/ɣ (NEMO) and TAK1/TAB1/2. The thereby activated IKKɑ/β/ɣ(NEMO) complex promotes degradation of the inhibitor of kB (IκB) and activation of NF-κB (here exemplified as p50/RelA/p65) which translocates to the nucleus and activates target genes. Activation of NF-κB then results in the inhibition of AMPK and Insulin signalling (red arrows and blockers). AMPK is a sensor of low ATP and induces a plethora of catabolic processes to uptake/produce energy whilst blocking processes that required energy (ATP) (green arrows and blockers). Activation of both Adiponectin Receptor (AdR) and Leptin Receptor (LepR) induces AMPK phosporylation and glucose uptake. Insulin sensing by Insulin Receptor (IR) is crucial for glucose uptake by activating Akt and allowing the activity of glucose transporters (GLUT4).