Figure 4.

Mendelian randomization estimates for sex-specific associations of genetically predicted (a) fasting glucose (n=140,595; MAGIC), (b) HbA1c (n=146,806; MAGIC) and (c) liability to diabetes (74,124 cases/824,006 controls; DIAMANTE) with life years (412,937 women/415,311 men; Pilling LC, et al.).

a. The contamination mixture method was used in univariable Mendelian randomization; multivariable Lasso was used to assess the direct effect of HbA1c adjusted for hemoglobin.

b. Estimates are expressed in mmol/L for fasting glucose, in percentage for HbA1c, in log odds ratio for liability to diabetes, and in life years. Life years gained were estimated by multiplying the Martingale residuals by -2.2869*10/-2.5863*10 in fathers/mothers.²⁴