Table 1.
Associations between air pollutants and transitions from baseline to FCMD, CMM, and then death.
| Case | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 | |||
| Baseline → FCMD | 56,877 | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | < 0.001 |
| FCMD → CMM | 8616 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.020 |
| Baseline → Death | 13,459 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | < 0.001 |
| FCMD → Death | 7045 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.139 |
| CMM → Death | 1919 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.897 |
| NO2 | |||
| Baseline → FCMD | 56,877 | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | < 0.001 |
| FCMD → CMM | 8616 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.09) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline → Death | 13,459 | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) | 0.001 |
| FCMD → Death | 7045 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 0.001 |
| CMM → Death | 1919 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 0.230 |
Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; FCMD, first cardiometabolic disease; CMM, cardiometabolic multimorbidity; PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide.
Cardiometabolic diseases included type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease and stroke. CMM was defined as the occurrence of at least two of the above-mentioned diseases.
Associations were presented as HR (95 CI%) per interquartile range increases in concentrations of PM2.5 (1.3 μg/m3) and NO2 (9.9 μg/m3) for the transitions among 410,494 participants.
Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, Townsend Deprivation Index and recruitment center.