Table 2.
Associations between air pollutants and transitions from baseline to single CMD, CMM, and then death.
| Case | PM2.5 |
NO2 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Baseline → FCMD | |||||
| Baseline → T2D | 20,451 | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline → IHD | 25,055 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.008 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.216 |
| Baseline → stroke | 8975 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (1.04, 1.11) | < 0.001 |
| FCMD → CMM | |||||
| T2D → CMM | 2814 | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 0.075 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 0.009 |
| IHD → CMM | 2466 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 0.290 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.054 |
| Stroke → CMM | 940 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.780 | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.882 |
| Baseline → Death | 13,459 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | < 0.001 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | < 0.001 |
| FCMD → Death | |||||
| T2D → Death | 1766 | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.574 | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 0.676 |
| IHD → Death | 3287 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 0.021 | 1.09 (1.04, 1.15) | 0.001 |
| Stroke → Death | 1992 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.973 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.404 |
| CMM → Death | 1496 | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.627 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 0.786 |
Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratios; CI, confidence interval; FCMD, first cardiometabolic disease; CMM, cardiometabolic multimorbidity; PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CMD, cardiometabolic disease; T2D, type 2 diabetes; IHD, ischemic heart disease.
Cardiometabolic diseases included T2D, IHD and stroke. CMM was defined as the occurrence of at least two of the above-mentioned diseases.
Associations were presented as HR (95 CI%) per interquartile range increases in concentrations of PM2.5 (1.3 μg/m3) and NO2 (9.9 μg/m3) for the transitions among 408,098 participants.
Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, Townsend Deprivation Index and recruitment center.