Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in patients with AHF.
| Variables | Total (n=538) | Survival (n=311) | Death (n=227) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61.07 (15.98) | 58.03 (15.91) | 65.23 (15.16) | 0.005 |
| Male, % | 357 (66.4%) | 228 (73.3%) | 129 (56.8%) | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 42.11 (14.46) | 41.07 (14.14) | 43.54 (14.81) | 0.050 |
| Medical history, % | ||||
| Hypertension | 275 (51.1%) | 166 (53.4%) | 109 (48.0%) | 0.254 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 131 (24.3%) | 74 (23.8%) | 57 (25.1%) | 0.803 |
| Ischemic etiology | 204 (37.9%) | 121 (38.9%) | 83 (36.6%) | 0.643 |
| NYHA functional class, % | 0.009 | |||
| II | 91 (16.9%) | 65 (20.9%) | 26 (11.5%) | |
| III | 289 (53.7%) | 164 (52.7%) | 125 (55.1%) | |
| IV | 158 (29.4%) | 82 (26.4%) | 76 (33.5%) | |
| Physical examination | ||||
| Average heart rate, bpm | 79.01 (15.59) | 80.13 (15.31) | 77.48 (15.86) | 0.051 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 126.49 (22.07) | 128.71 (23.56) | 123.45 (19.49) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 78.45 (14.99) | 80.50 (16.43) | 75.64 (12.23) | <0.001 |
| MAP, mmHg | 94.46 (15.56) | 96.57 (16.93) | 91.58 (12.94) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/M2 | 24.23 (4.54) | 24.44 (4.33) | 23.96 (4.80) | 0.228 |
| Laboratory measures | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 134.00 [119.25, 147.00] | 136.00 [123.00, 149.00] | 129.00 [116.00, 144.00] | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.98 (1.04) | 4.03 (0.99) | 3.91 (1.11) | 0.199 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.25 (0.66) | 1.33 (0.71) | 1.14 (0.56) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 0.99 (0.29) | 0.98 (0.27) | 0.99 (0.32) | 0.542 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.56 (0.86) | 2.59 (0.78) | 2.52 (0.95) | 0.369 |
| Serum glucose, mmol/L | 5.55 (2.07) | 5.44 (1.77) | 5.70 (2.41) | 0.150 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 17.69 (11.72) | 16.01 (11.25) | 19.99 (11.98) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/(min·1.73 m2) | 72.72 (26.21) | 78.00 (24.85) | 65.4894 (26.35) | <0.001 |
| Troponin T, ng/mL | 0.05 [0.05, 27.46] | 0.35 [0.05,31.74] | 0.05 [0.05,19.40] | 0.008 |
| NT-proBNP, ng/L | 2225.50 [1269.00, 5640.00] |
1791.00 [1087.00,4643.50] | 2777.00 [1590.00,7250.00] | <0.001 |
| Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 4.60 [3.44, 16.45] | 3.90 [3.40, 12.00] | 7.10 [3.44, 30.20] | <0.001 |
| White blood cell count, 109/L | 6.60 [5.30, 8.52] | 6.54 [5.30, 8.00] | 6.80 [5.29, 9.00] | 0.196 |
| Neutrophils count, 109/L | 4.20 [3.23, 6.01] | 4.19 [3.13, 5.44] | 4.38 [3.40, 6.64] | 0.026 |
| Lymphocyte count, 109/L | 1.56 [1.14, 2.06] | 1.65 [1.24, 2.12] | 1.48 [1.06, 1.97] | 0.002 |
| Monocyte count, 109/L | 0.45 [0.33, 0.60] | 0.43 [0.33, 0.58] | 0.48 [0.34, 0.62] | 0.143 |
| RDW, % | 14.30 [13.40, 15.60] | 14.00 [13.20, 15.10] | 14.80 [13.80, 16.10] | <0.001 |
| Platelet count, 109/L | 164.00 [124.00, 206.00] | 167.00 [134.00, 205.00] | 154.00 [116.00, 209.00] | 0.040 |
| NLR | 2.64 [1.82, 4.47] | 2.40 [1.64, 4.04] | 3.05 [2.14, 5.21] | <0.001 |
| PLR | 100.00 [75.29, 140.67] | 97.73 [75.31, 134.93] | 105.75 [75.78, 146.30] | 0.178 |
| LMR | 3.50 [2.34, 5.00] | 3.86 [2.51, 5.27] | 3.09 [2.21, 4.52] | 0.001 |
| SII, 109/L | 427.42 [280.05, 712.04] | 398.01 [257.22, 689.35] | 465.68 [315.12, 776.62] | 0.015 |
| SIRI, 109/L | 1.19 [0.74, 2.23] | 1.08 [0.64, 2.05] | 1.46 [0.86, 2.55] | <0.001 |
| Prior medication, % | ||||
| Diuretics | 510 (94.8%) | 294 (94.5%) | 216 (95.2%) | 0.902 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 479 (89.0%) | 279 (89.7%) | 200 (88.1%) | 0.654 |
| ACEI/ARB | 417 (77.5%) | 248 (79.7%) | 169 (74.4%) | 0.178 |
| Beta blockers | 427 (79.4%) | 247 (79.4%) | 180 (79.3%) | 0.967 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD or as median [interquartile range] and categorical variables are expressed as number (%).
LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; BP, blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-pro BNP, N-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet to lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; SII, systemic inflammation index; SIRI, systemic inflammatory response index.