Table 5.
Overall WTPa for eHealth, WTP by the modality used to provide eHealth, and WTP by the region where the study was conducted (N=21).
| Variables | Studies, n (%) | Sample size | WTP (PPPb, 2021 US dollars), mean (95% CI) | I2 (%) | Egger test | GRADEc quality of evidence | |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
z score | P value |
|
||||||||||
| Studies that measured WTP as a 1-time payment (n=16) [50-62] | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
Overall WTP | 16 (76) | 2102 | 25.00 (12.79-48.87) | 99.69 | 0.72 | .47 | Low | |||||||||
|
|
Modality used to provide eHealth | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Websites | 1 (5) | 34 | 111.46 (84.55-146.92) | N/Ad | N/A | N/A | Very low | ||||||||
|
|
|
Medical devices | 3 (14) | 278 | 48.34 (30.17-77.44) | 97.86 | 0.10 | .92 | Low | ||||||||
|
|
|
Health apps | 2 (10) | 136 | 35.86 (28.05-45.85) | N/A | N/A | N/A | Low | ||||||||
|
|
|
Asynchronous communication (eg, SMS text messages and email) | 6 (28) | 1313 | 7.76 (2.39-25.21) | 99.55 | 1.67 | .10 | Low | ||||||||
|
|
|
Synchronous communication (eg, telephone and video call) | 4 (19) | 341 | 52.59 (22.15-124.90) | 99.23 | 0.74 | .46 | Very low | ||||||||
|
|
Region | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
North America | 6 (28) | 447 | 61.92 (33.94-112.97) | 99.01 | 3.30 | .001 | Low | ||||||||
|
|
|
Europe | 6 (28) | 432 | 22.65 (12.05-42.60) | 98.16 | 0.24 | .81 | Moderate | ||||||||
|
|
|
Asia | 3 (14) | 834 | 9.93 (0.84-117.06) | 99.76 | 1.3 | .19 | Low | ||||||||
|
|
|
Africa | 1 (5) | 389 | 2.81 (2.45-3.22) | N/A | N/A | N/A | Low | ||||||||
| Studies that measured WTP as monthly payments: WTP per month (n=5) [34,63,65,66] | |||||||||||||||||
|
|
Overall WTP | 5 (24) | 2284 | 18.53 (11.81-29.08) | 94.71 | 0.24 | .81 | Moderate | |||||||||
|
|
Modality used to provide eHealth | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Websites | 1 (5) | 135 | 13.41 (11.19-16.08) | N/A | N/A | N/A | Moderate | ||||||||
|
|
|
Health apps | 3 (14) | 2098 | 28.89 (21.71-38.44) | 44.49 | −1.73 | .08 | Moderate | ||||||||
|
|
|
Asynchronous communication | 1 (5) | 51 | 10.62 (8.89-12.68) | N/A | N/A | N/A | Low | ||||||||
|
|
Region | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
North America | 1 (5) | 51 | 10.62 (8.89-12.68) | N/A | N/A | N/A | Low | ||||||||
|
|
|
Europe | 4 (19) | 2233 | 21.81 (13.91-34.20) | 91.27 | −0.12 | .91 | Moderate | ||||||||
aWTP: willingness to pay.
bPPP: purchasing power parity.
cGRADE: Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.
dN/A: not applicable (as <3 experiments were analyzed).