Table 1.
Clinical data of patients with anti-GABABR encephalitis according to outcome.
| Variable | Total (n = 37) | Favorable outcome (n = 21) | Poor outcome (n = 16) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61 (11–77) | 57 (11–73) | 63.5 (55–77) | 0.005 |
| Sex ( n , %) | ||||
| Male | 28 | 15 (66.7) | 13 (87.5) | 0.702 |
| Female | 9 | 6 (28.6) | 3 (18.8) | |
| Symptoms ( n , %) | ||||
| Seizures | 34 | 19 (90.5) | 15 (93.8) | 1.000 |
| Psychiatric disorder | 35 | 19 (90.5) | 16 (100.0) | 0.495 |
| Cognitive impairment | 36 | 20 (95.2) | 16 (100.0) | 1.000 |
| Speech impairment | 27 | 16 (76.2) | 11 (68.8) | 0.716 |
| Consciousness disturbance | 21 | 8 (38.1) | 13 (81.3) | 0.018 |
| Ataxia | 1 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0.432 |
| Sleep disorders | 28 | 15 (71.3) | 13 (81.3) | 0.702 |
| Involuntary movement | 12 | 5 (23.8) | 7 (43.8) | 0.291 |
| Autonomic dysfunction | 10 | 3 (14.3) | 7 (43.8) | 0.067 |
| Time from symptom onset to diagnosis (month) | 23 (5–435) | 32 (5–435) | 21 (7–150) | 0.291 |
| Admission to ICU | 17 | 5 (23.8) | 12 (75.0) | 0.003 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 16 | 5 (23.8) | 11 (68.8) | 0.009 |
| Complication with tumors | 18 | 6 (28.6) | 12 (75.0) | 0.008 |
| Disease severity | ||||
| mRS score at the peak of disease | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (2–5) | 0.107 |
| Number of symptoms | 5 (3–9) | 5 (3–8) | 6.5 (4–9) | 0.008 |
| Pulmonary infection | 29 | 14 (66.7) | 15 (93.8) | 0.104 |
| Relapse | 7 | 3 (14.3) | 4 (25.0) | 0.437 |
| CSF analysis | ||||
| Increased level of WBC | 13 | 10 (47.6) | 3 (18.8) | 0.091 |
| Increased level of protein | 9 | 5 (23.8) | 4 (25.0) | 1.000 |
| Pressure >180 mmH2O | 5 | 3 (14.3) | 2 (12.5) | 1.000 |
| Serum analysis | ||||
| Hyponatremia | 16 | 5 (23.8) | 10 (62.5) | 0.023 |
| Increased level of tumor markersa | 27 | 15 (71.4) | 12 (75.0) | 1.000 |
| Additional antibodies | 7 | 1 (4.8) | 6 (37.5) | 0.029 |
| MRI abnormality in limbic system | 20 | 11 (52.4) | 9 (56.3) | 1.000 |
| EEG abnormalityb | 25 | 16 (88.9) | 9 (75.0) | 0.364 |
| Abnormal pulmonary CT | 33 | 17 (78.9) | 16 (100.0) | 0.118 |
| No immunotherapy | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (18.8) | 0.072 |
| First-line immunotherapy | 34 | 21 (100.0) | 13 (81.3) | 0.072 |
| Steroids | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| IVIg | 5 | 4 | 1 | |
| Steroids + IVIg | 26 | 15 | 11 | |
| Second-line immunotherapy | 5 | 4 (19.0) | 1 (6.25) | 0.364 |
| Time to initiating immunotherapy after symptom onsetc | ||||
| ≤ 4weeks | 21 | 12 (57.1) | 9 (56.3) | 0.718 |
| >4weeks | 13 | 9 (42.9) | 4 (25.0) | |
| Tumor therapy | 12 | 6 (100.0) | 6 (50.0) | 0.054 |
Quantitative variables are expressed as the median and range and categorical variables as numbers and percentages of participants. Favorable outcomes were defined as mRS score 0–2 and poor outcomes as mRS scores 3–6 on last follow-up.
ICU, intensive care unit; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; WBC, white blood cell; IVIg, intravenous immunoglobulin.
a
Analysis of 31 patients with results available.
b
Analysis of 30 patients with results available.
c
Analysis of 34 patients with results available.