TABLE 3.

HRV indices as predictors of cognitive change in subjects with NC at baseline (n = 37).

	Unadjusted modela			Adjusted modelb
	β	P-value	Q-valuec	β	P-value	Q-valuec
Active standing
Δ LFn (n.u)†	0.166	0.327	0.476	0.202	0.234	0.374
Δ LF/HF†	–0.395	0.016	0.031	–0.148	0.383	0.500
Paced breathing
Δ LFn (n.u)‡¶	–0.086	0.617	0.672	0.098	0.630	0.672
Δ LF/HF‡¶	–0.143	0.406	0.500	0.071	0.786	0.786

^aSimple linear regression with the Δ HRV index as independent variable and the annual change in the cognitive Z-score as dependent variable, ^bMultiple linear regression adjusted for age, sex, education, physical activity, morbidity (additive index), resting HRV and baseline cognitive Z-score, ^cP-value corrected for multiple testing by means of the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure with a 5% False Discovery Rate (FDR), ^†Dependent variable: annual change in episodic memory Z-score (model 1), ^‡Dependent variable: annual change in executive functioning Z-score (model 2), ^¶One outlier removed from the analyses. Significant results are shown in bold typeface. NC, Normal Cognition; β, standardized regression coefficient; LFn, normalized low frequency power; n.u, normalized units; LF/HF, low frequency power to high frequency power ratio; Δ index, index during challenge – index at rest.