TABLE 4.

HRV indices as predictors of cognitive change in subjects with MCI at baseline (n = 34).

	Unadjusted modela			Adjusted modelb
	β	P-value	Q-valuec	β	P-value	Q-valuec
Active standing
Δ LFn (n.u)†¶	−0.531	0.001	0.003	−0.528	0.019	0.034
Δ LF/HF†¶	−0.639	< 0.001	< 0.001	−0.643	0.001	0.003
Paced breathing
Δ LFn (n.u)‡	−0.658	< 0.001	< 0.001	−0.716	< 0.001	< 0.001
Δ LF/HF‡	−0.620	< 0.001	< 0.001	−0.935	< 0.001	< 0.001

^aSimple linear regression with the Δ HRV index as independent variable and the annual change in the cognitive Z-score as dependent variable, ^bMultiple linear regression adjusted for age, sex, education, physical activity, morbidity (additive index), resting HRV and baseline cognitive Z-score, ^cP-value corrected for multiple testing by means of the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure with a 5% False Discovery Rate (FDR), ^†Dependent variable: annual change in episodic memory Z-score (model 1), ^‡Dependent variable: annual change in executive functioning Z-score (model 2), ^¶One outlier removed from the analyses. Significant results are shown in bold typeface. MCI, Mild Cognitive Impairment; β, standardized regression coefficient; LFn, normalized low frequency power; n.u, normalized units; LF/HF, low frequency power to high frequency power ratio; Δ index, index during challenge – index at rest.