Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment
| First author | Year | Sample standardization | Sample size calculation | Sample randomization | Single operator | Blinding | Standardization of testing model | Statistical test | Grading |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arias et al.[14] | 2019 | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | High |
| Arias et al.[15] | 2018 | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | High |
| Cardoso et al.[16] | 2019 | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | Moderate |
| De Vasconcelos et al.[17] | 2016 | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | High |
| Generali et al.[18] | 2020 | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | Moderate |
| Huang et al.[19] | 2017 | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | High |
| Ismail et al.[20] | 2020 | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | Moderate |
| Keleş et al.[21] | 2019 | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | Moderate |
| La Rosa et al.[22] | 2021 | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | Moderate |
| La Rosa et al.[23] | 2021 | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | Moderate |
| Plotino et al.[24] | 2017 | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | High |
| Plotino et al.[25] | 2018 | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | High |
| Topçuoğlu et al.[26] | 2020 | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | Moderate |
| Vieira et al.[27] | 2020 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | Moderate |
| Vieira et al.[28] | 2021 | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | Moderate |
| Dosanjh et al.[29]Ϯ | 2017 | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | High |
| Alfawaz et al.[30]Ϯ | 2018 | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | Moderate |
| Gündoğar et al.[31]Ϯ | 2019 | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | Moderate |
| Klymus et al.[32]Ϯ | 2019 | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | Moderate |
| Saeed and Rafea[33]Ϯ | 2019 | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | High |
| Staffoli et al.[34]Ϯ | 2019 | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | Moderate |
Ϯ Included in meta-analysis