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. 2022 Sep 15;16:915995. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.915995

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Copyright © 2022 Zhang and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changed structure and function in insular cortex in HA population. (A) The decreased cortical thickness in sea-level college students who had a 30-day teaching at HA (Fan et al., 2016); (B) hyperintense signaling in a woman after a rapid ascent to mountain (D’Arrigo et al., 2019); (C) the decreased sulcus depth (Wei et al., 2017) (a) and decreased cerebral blood flow (Wang et al., 2018) (b) in HA Tibetan natives; (D) the decreased gray matter volume (Zhang et al., 2010) (a) and longer dwelay of hemodynamic response (Yan et al., 2011b) (b) in the descendants of Han population who have immigrated to HA for several generations; (E) the increased gray matter volume in Tibetan adolescents descending to sea level for 4 years (Zhang et al., 2013a); (F) the decreased ALFF in soldiers who had garrisoned the frontiers at HA for 2 years (Zhang et al., 2017). The arrow indicates the insular cortex.