Table 2.
Comparison between cognitive performance on the cognitive domains evaluated at baseline and after 12 months of follow-up according the presence of CMBs
| No microbleeds | Microbleeds | Difference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p value |
p value adjusted¥ |
||||
| Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (95% CI) | |||
| Global cognition | |||||
| MMSE | (n = 38) | (n = 45) | |||
| Baseline | 23.06 (2.52) | 23.17 (2.29) | |||
| 12 months | 23.13 (3.20) | 21.67 (3.02) | |||
| Change | −0.65 (−1.18 to 1.05) | 1.50 (0.58 to 2.71) | 1.57 (−0.04 to 3.17) | 0.057 | 0.399 |
| Verbal memory, recognition | |||||
| Recognition (CVLT) | (n = 39) | (n = 45) | |||
| Baseline | −0.38 (1.43) | −0.80 (1.67) | |||
| 12 months | −0.28 (1.34) | −0.56 (2.22) | |||
| Change | 0.10 (1.25) | 0.24 (2.70) | −0,14 (−1.07 to 0.79) | 0.463 | 0.340 |
| Long-term memory | |||||
| Long-term verbal memory, with clues (CVLT) | (n = 41) | (n = 44) | |||
| Baseline | −1.95 (1.02) | −2.18 (0.89) | |||
| 12 months | −1.90 (1.04) | −1.78 (0.90) | |||
| Change | 0.05 (1.18) | 0.40 (1.19) | −0.35 (−0,86 to 0.16) | 0.175 | 0.403 |
| Long-term visual memory RCFT | (n = 38) | (n = 44) | |||
| Baseline | 4.00 (2.60) | 4.07 (2.57) | |||
| 12 months | 4.84 (2.83) | 3.64 (2.59) | |||
| Change | 0.84 (2.19) | −0.43 (2.45) | 1.27 (0.25 to 2.31) | 0.016 | 0.471 |
| Short-term memory | |||||
| Short-term verbal memory (CVLT) | (n = 41) | (n = 45) | |||
| Baseline | −1.66 (1.04) | −1.98 (0.75) | |||
| 12 months | −2.00 (1.69) | −1.84 (0.74) | |||
| Change | −0.34 (1.79) | 0.13 (0.82) | −0.47 (−1.06 to 0.12) | 0.113 | 0.07 |
| Short-term visual memory RCFT | (n = 39) | (n = 44) | |||
| Baseline | 4.95 (2.53) | 4.64 (2.50) | |||
| 12 months | 5.23 (2.86) | 4.48 (2.77) | |||
| Change | 0.28 (2.67) | −0.16 (2.63) | 0.44 (− 0.71 to 1.60) | 0.451 | 0.918 |
| CONSTRUCTIONAL PRAXIS | |||||
| Copy of the RCFT | (n = 40) | (n = 44) | |||
| Baseline | 7.35 (3.71) | 6.55 (3.87) | |||
| 12 months | 6.80 (3.88) | 6.45 (3.89) | |||
| Change | −0.55 (3.96) | −0.09 (4.07) | − 0,46 (−2.20 to 1.29) | 0.602 | 0.404 |
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS | |||||
| Stroop word-color | (n = 40) | (n = 43) | |||
| Baseline | 7.75 (2.97) | 8.23 (3.78) | |||
| 12 months | 8.43 (3.45) | 7.63 (4.36) | |||
| Change | 0.68 (3.85) | −0.61 (4.50) | 1.29 (− 0.55 to 3.11) | 0.170 | 0.855 |
| Stroop interference | (n = 40) | (n = 42) | |||
| Baseline | 38.23 (10.06) | 41.43 (11.48) | |||
| 12 months | 42.10 (11.61) | 41.60 (14.71) | |||
| Change | 3.88 (14.13) | 0.17 (17.41) | 3.71 (−3.24 to 10.66) | 0.294 | 0.784 |
| Digit span (backwards) | (n = 41) | (n = 45) | |||
| Baseline | 8.83 (3.04) | 8.78 (2.91) | |||
| 12 months | 8.44 (3.00) | 8.93 (2.44) | |||
| Change | −0.39 (3.37) | 0.16 (3.10) | −0.55 (−1.94 to 0.85) | 0.822 | 0.862 |
| TMT-B | (n = 11) | (n = 6) | |||
| Baseline | 6.09 (1.70) | 8.50 (2.35) | |||
| 12 months | 9.00 (3.82) | 8.33 (3.33) | |||
| Change | 2.91 (4.21) | −0.17 (2.23) | 3.08 (−0.25 to 6.40) | 0.024 | 0.832 |
| SPEED PROCESSING | |||||
| Stroop words | (n = 40) | (n = 43) | |||
| Baseline | 9.43 (3.08) | 8.63 (3.36) | |||
| 12 months | 8.40 (3.28) | 7.67 (3.26) | |||
| Change | −1.03 (3.33) | −0.95 (3.48) | − 0,08 (− 1,56 to 1,41) | 0.924 | 0.975 |
| Stroop color | (n = 40) | (n = 43) | |||
| Baseline | 10.13 (4.38) | 8.98 (4.36) | |||
| 12 months | 8.25 (3.90) | 7.70 (4.27) | |||
| Change | −1.88 (3.52) | −1.28 (4.61) | −0.60 (−2.38 to 1,19) | 0.508 | 0.751 |
| TMT-A | (n = 38) | (n = 42) | |||
| Baseline | 6.61 (3.36) | 6.45 (3.11) | |||
| 12 months | 7.21 (3.09) | 6.00 (3.39) | |||
| Change | 0.61 (3.23) | −0.45 (2.64) | 1.06 (−0.27 to 2.38) | 0.115 | 0.107 |
| Behavior | |||||
| NPI | (n = 40) | (n = 43) | |||
| Baseline | 13.28 (13.19) | 9.40 (12.10) | |||
| 12 months | 13.05 (12.04) | 11.00 (13.69) | |||
| Change | −0.23 (14.50) | 1.61 (13.37) | −1,84 (−7,94 to 2,28) | 0.553 | 0.642 |
| Cornell | (n = 41) | (n = 42) | |||
| Baseline | 11.2 (7.53) | 9.31 (6.04) | |||
| 12 months | 7.85 (6.88) | 6.48 (6.66) | |||
| Change | −3.34 (5.36) | −2.83 (6.98) | −0.51 (−3.22 to 2.20) | 0.711 | 0.522 |
| Zarit | (n = 41) | (n = 41) | |||
| Baseline | 33.02 (17.74) | 26.49 (13.01) | |||
| 12 months | 36.05 (13.68) | 38.98 (14.90) | |||
| Change | 3.02 (16.38) | 12.49 (16.84) | −9.47 (−16.77 to −2.17) | 0.012 | 0.031 |
Adjusted by baseline, age, sex, BMI, hypertension, cardiopathy, educational level, and pharmacological treatment. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; MMSE, Mini-mental state examination; ADAS-cog, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive
**MMSE Minimental test, CVLT California Verbal Learning Test, RCF Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, TMT-A Trail Making Test A, TMT-B Trail Making Test B, NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory