FIGURE 2.

PFIE suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines by LPS in J774 cells. Indicated PFIE concentrations were used for pretreatment 1 h prior to treatment with 1 μg/mL of LPS for 24 h. mRNA levels of panels (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β, and (C) IL-6 were determined using real-time PCR. Relative mRNA expression levels were normalized to those of GAPDH. (D–F) Secreted levels of panel (D) TNF-α, (E) IL-1β, and (F) IL-6 in the culture medium were measured using ELISA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ^#P < 0.001 (Student’s t-test). Data are representative of three experiments.