Table 3.
Scientific studies explain the hepatoprotectiveness of camel milk.
| Year | Camel milk dosage | Subject | Type of liver disease | Materials and methods | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Camel milk and camel urine | 24 Mice divided into 4 groups | Hepatotoxicity | G1 = control, G2 = positive CCL4, G3 = camel milk (100 ml/day/cage) injected with CCL4, G4 = camel Urine (100 ml/day/cage) injected with CCL4 | There is a defensive function of camel milk and camel urine against hepatotoxicity induced with CCL4 | (42) |
| 2021 | Camel's milk | Adult female Sprague Dawley rats = 100 | Hepatotoxicity | G1 = Oral dose of MXC 200 mg/kg BW (methoxychlor-induced liver damage), G2= (100 mL/day) camel milk given for 6 or 12 months, G3: daily dose of (100 mL/day) for 6 or 12 months | There is protecting role of camel milk against methoxychlor-induced liver damage | (43) |
| 2021 | Probiotics from camel milk | Mice = 40 | Liver injury | Model groups = skimmed camel milk, Metformin group= 0.3 g per kg BW metformin. Probiotic groups= probiotics from camel milk are given in a low and high dose |
The liver and kidney damage is improved with camel milk probiotics that regulate lipid metabolism, and protection in mice | (44) |
| 2021 | Camel whey protein hydrolysates (CWPH) | TAA- toxicity induced male Wistar albino rats=35 | Hepatorenal failure | G1 = 5 mL sterile distilled water; G2 = TAA (200 mg/kg BW), G3 = TAA (200 mg/kg BW) + CWPH (50 mg/kg BW/day orally, G4 = TAA (200 mg/kg BW) + CWPH (100 mg/kg BW/day orally, G5 = TAA (200 mg/kg BW) + CWPH 200 mg/kg BW/day orally | CWPH has hepatorenal protective properties | (45) |
| 2021 | Camel milk antibodies | Male Wister rats | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Hepatocarcinoma induced by DENA + CCl4
Then camel milk antibodies CM-IgG (100 mg/kg, orally) given |
IgG from camel milk in the removal of dysfunction of liver cells oxidative stress induced by DENA | (46) |
| 2021 | Camel milk | Albino rats =96 | Hepatotoxicity | G1: saline solution, All remaining groups: camel milk 2, 4, and 6 ml/100 g BW, respectively | Camel milk ingestion resulted in restorations of functions of kidney and liver biomarkers | (11) |
| 2020 | Camel milk | Mice = 24 | Alcoholic liver disease | G1 (control group) = normal diet + 0.3 mL water, G2 (ethanol group) =normal diet + 0.3 mL water, G3 (Camel milk treatment group) = ethanol + camel milk and skimmed camel milk powder | Camel milk protects against liver injury caused by alcohol | (47) |
| 2019 | Camel milk lactoferrin | Male Sprague Dawley rats = 75 | Hepatic fibrosis | CCL4+ 40% CCL4 (mix with olive oil) at 200 uL/100 g BW. Among all groups 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg/BW given with standard diet + lactoferrin orally Control group = standard diet throughout the study |
Camel milk lactoferrin improved blood levels of ALP, AST, bilirubin, serum urea, and serum creatinine levels | (48) |
| 2019 | LAB from camel milk | Mice | Liver disease | Mice were given six strains of LAB for 7 weeks | Probiotics from camel act as a liver injury inhibitor | (38) |
| 2018 | Camel milk + NSO | Female albino Wister rats=30 | Hepatotoxicity | G1 = normal control, G2 = toxic control, G3, G4, and G5 = camel milk, NSO, and NSO+ camel milk, respectively. Group VI = Unani medicine Jigreen | Protective effects of camel milk, and camel milk + Nigella sativa oil on the toxicity of liver and kidney in rats | (49) |
| 2018 | FCM | Male rats = 42 | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | G1 = standard diet, G2 = HFDHFr to induce fatty liver disease The remaining five groups = HFDHFr + camel milk, (FCM) having non-encapsulated probiotic bacteria, FCM having microencapsulated probiotic without prebiotic, FCM containing microencapsulated probiotic and 1% ginger extract or FCM having microencapsulated probiotic and 10% beetroot extract, respectively |
FCM containing microencapsulated probiotics with plant extract reduced the severity of fatty liver | (50) |
| 2018 | FCM | Female Wister mice = 56 | Liver damage | Control mice= water+ standard diet G2: CCL4 in 0.3% olive oil, G3: FCM, G4: R. officinalis, G5 = R. officinalis + FCM, G6: firstly given with FCM then toxicated with CCL4, G7: Initially treated with R. officinalis then toxicated with CCL4, G8: Initially treated with FCM+ rosemary then toxicated with CCL4 |
FCM in combination + with R. officinalis extract is beneficial in reducing liver injury | (51) |
| 2018 | FCM | Human (adults) | Liver enzymes status | Overweight/obese adolescents were given camel milk 250 cc per day for 8 weeks, then diluted Cow milk yogurt 250 cc per day for 8 weeks or vice versa | FCM can be given as a functional food supplement | (52) |
| 2018 | Camel milk | Rats = 30 | Hepatotoxicity | G1 = 0.5 ml normal saline, G2 = 3 g/kg/day ethanol, G3 = 1 mL/kg/day/orally camel milk, G4 = ethanol (3 g/kg/day) + camel milk (1 mL/kg/day), G5 = ethanol (3 g/kg/day) group | Camel milk has a protective and prophylactic effect against liver toxicity induced by ethanol | (53) |
| 2017 | Camel milk yogurt enriched with fig and honey | Male albino rats = 47 | Steatohepatitis | G1 = +ve control MCDD, G2 = MCDD + Camel milk yogurt 30%, G3, G4, and G5 were given MCDD with 30% camel milk yogurt+ fig and honey, respectively | Protective effect on steatohepatitis | (54) |
| 2017 | Camel milk+ EVOO | Mice | Liver toxicity | G1 = Acetaminophen (500 mg/kg), G2 = camel milk (33 ml/kg), G3 = extra virgin olive oil (1.7 ml/kg), G4 = acetaminophen (500 mg/kg), G5 = camel milk +acetaminophen | Olive oil and camel milk have hepatoprotective action | (55) |
| 2017 | Camel milk given with drug cisplatin | Male rats = 56 | Hepatocarcinogenesis | G1 = control group, G5, G6, G7, and G8 = DENA (200 mg/kg BW) and phenobarbitone (500 ppm) in drinking water, G2, G3, G4, G7, and G8 = Camel milk (5 mL/day) and cisplatin (5 mg/kg/3 weeks) | Reduction in the hepatocarcinogenesis with camel milk intake | (56) |
| 2017 | Camel milk + Peg IFN/RBV) | Human (adult patients) = 45 | Chronic hepatitis C | G1 = (n = 23) Peg IFN/RBV in standard-dose, while G2 = (n = 22) Camel milk+ Peg IFN/RBV | Camel milk + Peg IFN/RBV improve the viral response + harmful effects of chronic hepatitis C are reduced | (57) |
| 2017 | Camel milk | Human= 17 patients (12 male + 5 females | Hepatitis C | Control = Three healthy adults included in study Participants = routine daily meals + camel milk 250 ml for 4 months |
Camel milk decreased the viral load in the patient's sera | (58) |
| 2017 | Camel milk | Male Wister rats = 30 | Altered liver enzymes | G1 = distilled water, G2 = induced with P407, G3 = induced with P407 then given atorvastatin (20 mg/kg), G4,5,6 = induced with P407 then camel milk 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg | Hepatoprotective effect of camel milk | (41) |
| 2017 | Camel milk in anti-tuberculous drugs | Male albino rats = 24 | Hepatotoxicity | Rats were given a standard diet+ anti-tuberculous drugs+ camel milk G1 = normal diet + freshwater, G2 = anti-tuberculous drugs, G3 = 1 ml/kg BW of camel milk, G4 = 1 ml/kg BW of camel milk + Anti-tuberculous drugs |
The toxicity and damage to the liver caused by anti-tuberculous drugs will be decreased with camel milk | (59) |
| 2016 | Camel milk + bee honey | Male rats = 36 | Liver cirrhosis | G1 (control) = basal diet + tap water, G2 = basal diet + water intoxicated with CCL4, G3 = basal diet + camel milk, G4 = basal diet + camel milk + bee honey | Protecting effect of camel milk against CCL4-induced liver damage. | (60) |
| 2016 | Camel milk | Male adult Rats = 24 | Liver injury | G1 = corn oil, G2 = water + CCL4 in a dose of 1 ml/kg in 50% corn oil, G3 = camel milk + corn oil, G4 = camel's milk+ CCL4 in a dose of 1 ml/kg 50% in corn oil. | Camel milk protects the liver and kidney against CCL4−generated oxidative stress and injuries | (61) |
FCM, fermented camel milk; HFDHFr, high-fat diet and high fructose in water; Peg IFN/RBV, pegylated interferon and ribavirin; EVOO, extra virgin olive oil; LAB, lactic acid bacteria; NSO, nigella sativa oil; MCC, methionine choline-deficient diet; DENA, diethyl-nitrosamine.