TABLE 1.
Clinical and observational studies demonstrating the association between tissue or circulating AGEs and/or RAGE with diabetic chronic complications.
| Author (s) | Year | Country/setting | Study subjects | Study design | Sample/measurement | Major findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barriquand, Romain, et al. (Barriquand et al., 2022) | 2022 | France | 196 T1 DM patients | Cross-sectional study | Tissue/skin AF | Increased circulation/tissue AGEs were associated with both micro and macrovascular complications in DM patients |
| Farhan, Sinan, et al. (Farhan and Hussain, 2019) | 2019 | Jordan | 50 T2 DM patients | Comparative cross-sectional study | Serum/ELISA | DM patients with complications had significantly higher serum levels of AGEs and AGEs/RAGE ratio than patients without complications and healthy controls. AGEs can be an early predictor of Reno-vascular complication |
| Takayanagi, Yuji, et al. (Takayanagi et al., 2020) | 2020 | Japan | 229 DM patients and 165 healthy controls | Comparative cross-sectional study | Tissue/skin AF | AGEs were independently associated with the progression of diabetic retinopathy |
| Kopytek, Magdalena, et al. (Kopytek et al., 2020) | 2020 | Poland | 126 T2 DM patients | Prospective observational study | Serum/ELISA | Accumulation of AGEs in DM patients is associated with the severity of aortic stenosis |
| Thomas, Merlin, et al. (Thomas et al., 2015) | 2015 | A multi-centered study | 3,763 T2 DM patients | Case-cohort study | Serum/ELISA | Increased levels of AGEs and soluble RAGE are independently associated with new onset or worsening of nephropathy in DM patients |
| Hangai, Mari, et al. (Hangai et al., 2016) | 2016 | Japan | 122 T2 DM patients | Cross-sectional study | Tissue/skin AF | Accumulation of AGEs was positively correlated with coronary artery calcification |
| Chawla, Diwesh, et al. (Chawla et al., 2014) | 2014 | India | 75 T2 DM patients | Cross-sectional study | Serum/ELISA and PCR | AGEs level and RAGE mRNA expression were significantly higher in patients with vascular complications than without complication |
| Rigalleau, V, et al. (Rigalleau et al., 2015) | 2015 | France | 418 T2 DM patients | Cross-sectional study | Tissue/skin AF | Accumulation of AGEs was independently associated with chronic kidney disease and macroangiopathy |
| Paul J et al. (Beisswenger et al., 2013) | 2013 | USA | 103 T1 DM patients | Cross-sectional study | Plasm/Liquid chromatography | Diabetes nephropathy patients had significantly higher levels of AGEs. AGEs may also be early indications of diabetic nephropathy |
| Ying, Lingwen et al. (Ying et al., 2021b) | 2021 | China | 1006 T2 DM patients | Cross-sectional study | Skin/AF | AGEs via skin AF is a potential marker of carotid atherosclerosis in T2 DM patients |
Abbreviations: AF, Auto-fluorescence; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.