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. 2022 Jun 27;9(9):nwac125. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwac125

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Morphological changes of spines and filopodia. (A) Percentages of filopodia among all protrusions observed in young and middle-aged monkeys. (B) Percentages of mushroom spines observed in young and middle-aged monkeys. (C) Filopodia dynamics within a 4-hour interval in young monkeys. Left: example images showing 4-hour dynamics for filopodia. White arrows, spine; white stars, filopodia. Right: percentages of filopodia that were eliminated or became spines within the 4-hour interval. Scale bars, 2 μm. (D) Formation (solid) and elimination (dashed) rates of non-mushroom (red) and mushroom (black) spines at 2-week intervals. (E) Example images showing elongation (yellow arrow) and shortening (blue arrow) of non-mushroom spines in four monkeys. Scale bars, 2 μm. (F) Percentages of non-mushroom spines undergoing elongation (yellow) and shortening (blue) within 7-day intervals for young and middle-aged monkeys. (G) Percentages of non-mushroom spines undergoing elongation (yellow) and shortening (blue) within 4-hour intervals for young monkeys. (H) Example images showing non-mushroom (open triangle) to mushroom (solid triangle) transitioning (left), and the reverse (right) in four monkeys. Scale bars, 2 μm. (I) Non-mushroom to mushroom spine transition (percentage of all spines, solid bars) and mushroom to non-mushroom (percentage of all spines, dashed bars) within 7-day intervals for young and middle-aged monkeys. (J) Mushroom to non-mushroom spine transition (percentage of all mushroom spines) within 7-day intervals for young and middle-aged monkeys. Data are presented as mean ± SEM except (C). Each circle represents data from one virus injection site, n = 7 sites for young and n = 4 for middle-aged monkeys; n = 5 sites for (G); n = 6 sites for young monkeys in (D) (mushroom), (I) and (J). Student's t-test was used; ns, non-significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.