Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Sep 15;13:937956. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.937956

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2022 Gambari, Grigolo and Grassi

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Molecular targets of purified OSCs molecules in bone cells. Osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis are the two key processes of bone remodeling and are regulated by a tightly organized activation of specific molecular targets. This figure shows a schematic representation of a mesenchymal stromal cells/osteoblast and a monocyte/osteoclast to highlight the specific molecular targets regulated by OSCs at different stages of differentiation from precursors to fully differentiated cells. Among the OSCs which drives the modulation of specific molecular targets are allicin, allyl sulfide (AS), sulforaphane (SFN), glucoraphanin (GRA) and diallyl sulfide (DADS). The overall effects are an activation of osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stromal cells and both a direct and indirect inhibition of osteoclast differentiation. Follows a list of the molecular targets shown in the figure. Markers of osteoblastogenesis: osteocalcin (OCN), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP-1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), SMAD family member 1 (SMAD-1). Markers of regulators of osteoclastogenesis produced by mesenchymal stromal cells or osteoblasts: receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG). Marker of cells survival and stress response: FAS, caspase 3/7, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX-1). Markers of osteoclasts: nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), cathepsin K (CTSK), receptor activator of NF-KB (RANK), osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein (OC-STAMP), dendritic cell specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), osteoclasts-specific activating receptor (OSCAR), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), calcitonin receptor (CTR), c-fos, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). See the text for details.