Table 6.

Clinical studies on musculoskeletal effects of OSCs-rich food and extracts.

Molecule tested	Patients data	Mode of administration, concentration, treatments	Main effect	Specific features	Authors	Ref
Onion	Perimenopausal and postmenopausal non-Hispanic white women, 50 years and older	Onion consumption ≥ once a day; 3-5 a week; 2 a month to 2 a week, 1 a month or less	Prevention of bone loss	↑ BMD by increased consumption	Matheson et al.	(179)
Onion juice	Healthy subjects, male and female, 40-80 years	100 mL of onion juice or placebo for 8 weeks	Decreased bone anabolic markers	↓ALP serum level (commercial kit)	Law et al.	(85)
Onion juice	Postmenopausal women	100 mL of onion juice or placebo for 8 weeks	Mild changes in BMD	↓ALP serum levels (commercial kit) Mildly improved BMD (DEXA of the lumbar, right and left hip)	Law et al.	(85)
Allium vegetables (onion, leek, and garlic)	Women, ≥70 years	Habitual intakes of Allium intake	Inversely associated with all fractures	Inversely associated with all fractures	Blekkenhorst et al.	(18)
Cruciferous (cabbage, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, and broccoli)	Women aged >70 years	Cruciferous vegetables intake	Inversely associated with all fractures	Inversely associated with all fractures	Blekkenhorst et al.	(18)
Raw garlic consumption	28958 patients (males and females)	Habitual intakes of raw garlic	Positive correlation with handgrip strength		Gu et al.	(139)

Analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ↑ means up-regulation; ↓ means down-regulation.