Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies testing the anti-diabetic effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum strains

Ref.	Type of study	Experimental groups	Source of probiotics	Dosage of probiotic	Duration of treatment
Hartajanie et al[50], 2020	Experimental: 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats at 8 wk and weighing 170-200 g	Diabetic group; Diabetic group + acarbose; Diabetic group + bitter melon; Diabetic group + fermented bitter melon	L. fermentum LLB3 was isolated from the bamboo shoot pickle	1 × 107 CFU L. fermentum LLB3	4 wk
Hu et al[35], 2019	Experimental: 4-wk-old male Kunming mice (18 ± 2 g) were used	Normal control group; Diabetic group; Positive drug control group; Diabetic group + fructose 1 6-bisphosphatase (low dose); Diabetic group + 1-Deoxynojirimycin (middle dose); Diabetic group + 1-Deoxynojirimycin (high dose)	All probiotics were purchased from the Guangdong culture collection center	5 × 104 CFU/mL of each activated strain (L. plantarum + L. fermentum, L. plantarum + L. mesenteroides, L. plantarum + S. cerevisiae, L. fermentum + L. mesenteroides, L. fermentum + S. cerevisiae, and L. mesenteroides + S. cerevisiae)	4 wk
Chaiyasut et al[51], 2018	Experimental: male Wistar rats	Control group; Control group + L. fermentum; Control group + fermented H. erinaceus juice; Diabetic group; Diabetic group pretreatment and posttreatment treated with fermented H. erinaceus juice, L. fermentum, and insulin	L. fermentum HP3 was isolated from fermented Thai foods	L. fermentum HP3 in a concentration of 109 CFU/mL. L. fermentum HP3 was used with H. Erinaceus Juice	12 wk
Guilbaud et al[52], 2020	Experimental: 30 mice with 6 wk of age	Wild-type group;Wild-type group + L. fermentum;Diabetic group;Diabetic group + L. fermentum	Isolated from a fecal sample of one-year-old healthyEstonian child	L. fermentum ME-3 in a concentration of 1010 CFU per 400 μL H2O	12 wk
Archer et al[48], 2021	Experimental: 40 female Wistar rats	Control group; Diabetic group + high-fat diet; Diabetic group + high-fat diet + L. fermentum. MCC2759; Diabetic group + high-fat diet + L. fermentum. MCC2760	Isolated from fecal (L. fermentum. MCC2759) and from curd (L. fermentum. MCC2760)	Both isolated probiotics were offered in a concentration of 1 × 109 CFU/mL	4 wk
Ai et al[31], 2021	Experimental: 160 Male C57BL/6J mice with 6 wk of age	Control group; Diabetic group + high-fat diet; Diabetic group + defatted rice bran unfermented extracts; Diabetic group + pioglitazone; Diabetic group + high-dose of defatted rice bran fermentation extracts; Diabetic group + low-dose of defatted rice bran fermentation extracts	Isolated from Chinese rice noodle wastewater	The study evaluated the role of L. fermentum MF423. Dose of 100 μg/mL of defatted rice bran unfermented extracts	8 wk
Yadav et al[54], 2018	Experimental: 70 male Wistar rats with 8 ws old	Normal control group; Diabetic control group; Diabetic + normal diet supplemented with milk; Diabetic + L. rhamnosus MTCC5957; Diabetic + L. rhamnosus MTCC5897; Diabetic + L. fermentum MTCC 5898; Diabetic + L.rhamnosus 5957 and 5958 and L. fermentum MTCC 5898	The probiotics L. rhamnosus MTCC: 5957 and L. rhamnosus MTCC: 5897 were isolated from household curds. The probiotic L. fermentum MTCC: 5898 was isolated from the feces of breastfed human infants	All probiotic strains were offered in a dosage of 1 × 109 CFU	6 wk
Yousaf et al[55], 2016	Experimental: female mice of 6-8 wk, with an initial body weight of 21-23 g	Normal healthy mice; Diabetic mice; Diabetic mice + Momordica charanti; Diabetic mice + Eugenia Jambolana; Diabetic mice + L. Fermentum; Diabetic mice + L. Fermentum + Momordicacharanti + Eugenia Jambolana; Diabetic mice + Glucophage	L. fermentum fruit extracts of Eugenia Jambolana and Momordica charantia were isolated from local yogurt samples (Lahore, Pakistan)	Momordica charantia 200 mg/kg, and Eugenia Jambolana 100 mg/kg. The authors did not inform the concentration of L. fermentum (Gene Bank Accession KJ754019)	3 wk
Balakumar et at[49], 2018	Experimental: adult male C57BL/6J mice (age 8-10 wk)	Normal pellet diet; High-fat diet; High-fat diet + L. rhamnosus; High-fat diet + L. plantarum MTCC5690; High-fat diet + L. fermentum MTCC5689; High-fat diet + metformim; High-fat diet + vildagliptin	Isolated from Indian gut (Karnal, India)	Lactobacillus MTCC 5690 and MTCC 5689 in a concentration of 1.5 × 109 colonies/mouse/d	24 wk
Babadi et al[30], 2018	Clinical: primigravid women aged between 18 and 40 years, between the 24th and 28th week of gestation, diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus	Placebo group; Probiotic group	Probiotic supplements were produced by LactoCare®, Zisttakhmir Company (Tehran, Iran)	Probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum and L. fermentum in a dosage of 2 × 109 CFU/g	6 wk

L. fermentum: Lactobacillus fermentum; L. rhamnosus: Lactobacillus rhamnosus; L. plantarum: Lactobacillus plantarum; S. cerevisiae: Saccharomyce cerevisae; L. mesenteroides: Leuconostoc mesenteroides; H. erinaceus: Hericium erinaceus.