Table 1.
Prevalence of traumatic events in the study sample.
| Total sample (N = 158) |
No PTSD/CPTSD (n = 76) |
PTSD (n = 23) |
CPTSD (n = 59) |
χ2(2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Traumatic events (LEC-R) | |||||
| Natural disaster | 15 (9.5) | 4 (5.3) | 4 (17.4) | 7 (11.9) | 3.64 |
| Fire or explosion | 32 (20.3) | 12 (15.8) | 4 (17.4) | 16 (27.1) | 2.78 |
| Transportation accident | 73 (46.2) | 34 (44.7) | 8 (34.8) | 31 (52.2) | 2.23 |
| Serious accident at work, home or during recreational activity | 49 (31.0) | 21 (27.6) | 8 (34.8) | 20 (33.9) | 0.79 |
| Exposure to toxic substance | 14 (8.9) | 6 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 8 (13.6) | 3.94 |
| Childhood physical abuse | 99 (62.7) | 44 (57.9) | 12 (52.2) | 43 (72.9) | 4.45 |
| Physical assault | 95 (60.1) | 42 (55.3) | 13 (56.5) | 40 (67.8) | 2.32 |
| Assault with a weapon | 28 (17.7) | 12 (15.8) | 3 (13.0) | 13 (22.0) | 1.29 |
| Childhood sexual abuse | 48 (30.4) | 16 (21.1) | 8 (34.8) | 24 (40.7) | 6.30* |
| Sexual assault | 44 (27.8) | 11 (14.5) | 8 (34.8) | 25 (42.4) | 13.51** |
| Other unwanted sexual experience | 83 (52.5) | 37 (48.7) | 8 (34.8) | 38 (64.4) | 6.69* |
| Combat or exposure to a war-zone | 3 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | 2 (3.4) | 2.92 |
| Captivity | 6 (3.8) | 2 (2.6) | 3 (13.0) | 1 (1.7) | 6.37* |
| Life-threatening illness or injury | 49 (31.0) | 25 (32.9) | 5 (21.7) | 19 (32.2) | 1.09 |
| Severe human suffering | 104 (65.8) | 50 (65.8) | 13 (56.5) | 41 (69.5) | 1.24 |
| Sudden, violent death | 24 (15.2) | 13 (17.1) | 3 (13.0) | 8 (13.6) | 0.42 |
| Sudden, unexpected death of someone close | 81 (51.3) | 39 (51.3) | 12 (52.2) | 30 (50.8) | 0.01 |
| Serious injury, harm or death caused to someone else | 6 (3.8) | 3 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.1) | 1.18 |
| Cumulative trauma | |||||
| M (SD) | 5.40 (2.73) | 4.88 (2.05) | 4.91 (3.03) | 6.25 (3.18) | |
| 1 | 10 (6.3) | 4 (5.3) | 1 (4.3) | 5 (8.5) | 0.76 |
| 2–3 | 31 (19.6) | 16 (21.1) | 8 (34.8) | 7 (11.9) | 5.70 |
| 4–5 | 48 (30.4) | 28 (36.8) | 6 (26.1) | 14 (23.7) | 2.94 |
| ≥ 6 | 69 (43.7) | 28 (36.8) | 8 (34.8) | 33 (55.9) | 5.79 |
LEC-R, life events checklist-revised; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; CPTSD, complex posttraumatic stress disorder. *p < 0.05; **p <0.01.