Table 3.

Removal of contaminants through nano-bioremediation techniques

Nanoparticle	Bioagent	Contaminant	Remark	References
Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles	Pseudomonas delafieldii	Dibenzothiophene	The bio-desulfurization of dibenzothiophene was higher in the magnetic nanoparticle-coated microbial cells than in the uncoated or celite-coated cells. It has also been discovered that it may be reused up to five times	Shan et al. (2005)
Pd (0) nanoparticles	Shewanella oneidensis MR-1	PCBs	Around 90% of PCBs were efficiently dechlorinated by the bio-Pd produced by the microbial reduction, resulting in less hazardous by-products	Windt et al. (2005)
Fe3O4 nanoparticles/gellan- gum gel beads	Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2–5 cells	Carbazole	Microbial cells immobilized in Fe3O4 nanoparticles/gellan gum gel beads decomposed carbazole more efficiently than free cells or cells that were not magnetically immobilized. When this integrated system was recycled, it revealed signs of increasing deterioration	Wang et al. (2007)
Pd/nFe	Laccase derived from Trametes versicolor	Triclosan	The remediation of triclosan was accomplished entirely by the use of Fe nanoparticles. The laccase released by the T. versicolor strain, on the other hand, transformed the degraded by-products into harmless compounds	Bokare et al. (2010)
Bio-Pd nanoparticle	C. pasteurianum BC1	Cr (VI)	Clostridium pasteurianum converted Pd (II) ions to Pd nanoparticles, which persisted in the form of bio-Pd in the organism's cell membrane and cytoplasm. The Cr (VI) reduction process was effectively catalyzed, and hydrogen gas was created as well	Chidambaram et al. (2010)
nZVI	Dehalococcoides sp.	TCE	This research found that nZVI increased methanogen metabolic activity while deactivating dechlorinating bacteria; yet, after a lag period, the dechlorinating bacteria were able to eliminate TCE and produce ethene as a by-product	Xiu et al. (2010)
Pd/nFe	Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 (DSM 6014)	2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TeCDD)	The very lethal dioxin isomer is naturally refractory, and it could not be readily degraded by a single approach. The degradation was achieved by progressively utilizing Pd/nFe nanoparticles and the Sphingomonas strain	Bokare et al. (2012)
nZVI	Sphingomonas sp. PH-07	Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)	Effective for PBDEs breakdown via reductive debromination and biological oxidation. This technology might lead to a remediation strategy for highly halogenated contaminants in the environment	Kim et al. (2012)
Carbon nanotubes	Shewanella oneidensis MR-1	Cr (VI)	The MR-1 strain that was immobilized by CNT infused CA beads was able to remove four times more Cr (VI) than free cells, CNTs, or CA beads	Yan et al. (2013)
Fe3O4	Sphingomonas sp. XLDN2-5 cells	Carbazole	The Fe3O4 nanoparticles linked to the bacterial strain's surface, degraded at the same rate as free cells, yet they were very reusable. Another benefit of employing magnetic nanoparticles is that they may be isolated from microorganisms with the help of external magnet sources	Li et al. (2013)
Nano sponge	Two organo-clays (Dellite 67G and Dellite 43 B)	Triclopyr (3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid)	Removal capacity of Cyclodextrin-based, highly cross-linked polymers is around 92% in Triclopyr contaminated soil	Baglieri et al. 2013)
nZVI	Paracoccus sp. strain YF1	Nitrate	Lower concentrations of nZVI (50 mg/L) accelerated denitrification while generating little microbial toxicity, but larger concentrations (1000 mg/L) considerably retarded denitrification	Liu et al. (2014)
Nanotubes	Enzyme organophosphate hydrolase–MWNTs paper	Organophosphates and heavy metals Triclopyr	CNT, single-walled CNT, and multi-walled CNT shows low removal efficiency (~ 22%)	Fosso-Kankeu et al. (2014), Mechrez et al. (2014)
nZVI	Oak and mulberry leaf extracts	Cu and Ni	Mulberry-nZVI and Oak-nZVI were effective in transforming labile metals (Cu, Ni) bound to Danube river sediments to stable fractions	Slijepčević et al. (2021)
Pd/nFe	Burkholderia xenovorans LB400	Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclor 1248	Bi-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were efficiently dechlorinated into biodegradable intermediates by Pd/nFe nanoparticles, which were then quickly degraded by Burkholderia xenovorans	Le et al. (2015)
nZVI-C-A beads	Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, and Acinetobacter junii	Cr (VI)	Removal efficiency is around 92% of Cr (VI) with the application of nZVI entrapped calcium alginate beads	Ravikumar et al. (2016)
TiNPs	Dead yeast biomass	Cr (VI)	High remediation efficiency (99.92%) with removal capacity of 162.07 mg/g. It follows langmuir adsorption process with pseudo-second order kinetics
nZVI	nZVI combination with a second metal or microorganisms	PCB	High removal efficiency (78–99%) of PCB with rapid reaction time	Jing et al. (2018)
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes Immobilized	Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rhizobium sp.	Cr (VI)	Removal capacity Cr (VI) is around 24.82–31.6 mg/g. Sorption experiment follows langmuir adsorption process with pseudo-second order kinetics	Sathvika et al. (2018)
Bimetallic iron-based NPs	Tobacco plants	hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)	Removal efficiency is around 27% in case of HBCD contaminated soil	Le et al. (2019)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated iron oxide NPs	Halomonas sp.	PB, Cd	Due to this integrated strategy, metal removal was enhanced, and metal remediation durations were also reduced (approx. 100% removal of Pb after 24 h, of Cd after 48 h)	Cao et al. (2020)